Using LanguageⅠ全国优秀课堂实录

Grammar and usage

Step 1: General introduction

The grammar items in this unit deal with apposition. You will learn what appositions are and how to form appositions in sentences. You are expected to apply what you have learnt in practical use.

Step2: Explanation and practice: Definition: a construction in which a noun or noun phrase is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent, both having the same syntactic relation to the other elements in the sentence. 1. When two noun phrases come one after the other in a sentence and both refer to the same thing, these nouns phrases are in apposition. Examples; 1). The French flag, the ‘Tricolore’, was first used in 1789, at the start of the French Revolution. (The French flag and the ‘Tricolore ’are in apposition as they refer to the same thing) 2). The USA was also born from revolution, and its flag, ‘Stars and Stripes’, symbolizes this. (its flag and ‘Stars and Stripes’ are in apposition as they refer to the same thing.)

3). Mr Li, my uncle, will be off to London next month. (Mr. Li and my uncle are in apposition as they

refer to the same person.) 4). This film, The promise, has been very popular recently. (This film and The promise in apposition as they refer to the same thing.) 2. When use a comma before and after the second phrase when it adds more information. The flag,

a simple design of red over white, has a long history that dates back to the 13th century. 3. We do not use a comma before and after the second phrase when it explains what the first one is.

The colors red, white and blue used on the flag are a visual reminder of the motto of the Revolution—liberty, equality and fraternity. 4. We sometimes use apposition to emphasize our ideas.

We love our flag, our unique flag.

Tom is my friend, my closest friend.

5. A noun clause after a noun can also be a form of an apposition. Examples:

1).The news that France had a successful revolution had a big effect on other countries, particularly those in Europe. 2).The fact that some countries use the same colors on the flags can mean they share similar beliefs.

3).We can use apposition to join two sentences together.

4).The team has won the game. Everyone in the city is excited by the news.

5).Everyone in the city is excited by the news that the team has won the game. 6).The monitor didn’t tell us the truth that our football team won the first prize in the match. 7).We have got the information that all the students will have to pass the oral test

before they can go in for the competition. 6. Other nouns that can be used before the noun clauses in apposition include: Truth

idea

hope

information

Many people are unaware of the truth that the USA was colonized by Britain.

The idea that red represents bravery and blood is widely believed.

I am reading this book in the hope that I can learn more about nation. Did he give you the information that the meaning of different flags should be explained in your report? 7. Exercise: find out the appositive in the following sentences:

1).Your brother, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that was offered him.

2).Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during the Second World War, died in 1965.

3). Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends.

4).Only one problem still remains—the storage of the grain.

5).My father will go and see it himself.

6).My friends all understand me.

7).The question who should attend the meeting has not yet been steeled.

8).She liked her job, teaching English.

9). Lucy, in her youth a talented musician, still gives concerts every now and then.

10). Nothing is too hard for us Chinese people. Answers:

1. a proud and unbending man

2. Britain’s prime minister during the Second World War 3. his only interest in life

4. the storage of the grain 5. himself

6. all 7. who should attend the meeting

8. teaching English 9. a talented musician

10. Chinese

8. Read the passage about British traditions in Part A on page 41 and find out all the phrases in apposition in pairs. Answers: A

1. the British Queen, Elizabeth Ⅱ

2. Horse Guards Parade, the entrance to the Royal Palace 3. the closet Saturday to 12 June, the day when her birthday is officially celebrated 4. a very colorful event, one that has become an institution for celebrating the King or Queen’s birthday since 1805 5. Buckingham Palace, the Queen’s home in London

9. Finish Part B individually. Answers

B

1. I’m very confused by the idea that red can mean revolution in France and a considerate nature in Indonesia. 2. I have to ask someone from Indonesia to find out about the theory that Indonesia people think red represents sugar. 3. It is a fact that I have done a lot of research. 4. I don’t think that it is a problem that the information I have found is all in English. 5. I’m so delighted by the news that there is going to be a speech about color.

For reference: There are some other nouns used in apposition. doubt, answer, reply, question, thought, word, suggestion, idea, possibility, order Examples：

1.

There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down in China.

2.

We received an answer from the boss that our holidays will begin from this Friday.

3.

We were all excited by his reply that he thought we were the best.

4.

Before we get started, we need to answer the question whether our products will be well accepted. 5.

His thought that computers will soon recognize human voices

surprises many people at the conference. 6.

I’ve just got word that my friend john will come this week.

7.

His suggestion that all the children should go to school is accepted 8.

The possibility that man will land on the moon is often discussed

Some detailed explanations on apposition: 句子中指代同一事物的两个词、片语或子句，称同位关系。例如：My sister, Helen Wilson, will travel with me.句中My sister和Helen Wilson指的是同一个人，它们是同位成分，后一成分通常叫做前一成分的同位语。

一、名词（词组）作同位语Noun (phrase) as the appositive 在英语的同位结构中，最普通的是名词性同位结构，即名词词组+同位语。名词词组的同位语通常由名词词组表示，或其他相当于名词词组的结构表示

例如：

--Anna, my best friend, was here last night. --Paul Jones, the distinguished art critic, died in his sleep last night. --Mr. Campbell the lawyer was here last night. --His only interest in life, playing football, has brought him many friends. --He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.

在名词（词组）作同位语时，我们应注意以下几点：

a. 同位语所表示的关系相当于连系动词，即可以用be把同位语连接起来。

--Anna is my best friend. --Paul Jones is the distinguished art critic. --Mr. Campbell is the lawyer. b. 以名词词组作另一名词词组的同位语通常紧跟在前一同位成分之后，但有时为了保持句子结构平衡

或者为了加强语势，同位语也可置于句尾，从而造成两个同位成分的分隔。

例如：

--Lucy was born in a small town of North America, the daughter of a poor and ignorant miner. --An unusual present was given to him for his birthday, a book on ethics. c. 同位语可分为非限制性同位语(non-restrictive appositive) 和限制性同位语(restrictive appositive)。

英语中的同位语大多是非限制性的。这种同位语在口语中有停顿，在文字中用逗号或破折号隔开。

例如：

--Have you read the life of George Washington, the first president of the U.S.A.?

--Children like sweets, especially chocolate. 限制性同位语和它前面的同位成分关系紧密，形成一个整体。这种同位结构，在口语中两个同位成

分之间没有停顿，在文字中不用逗号或破折号隔开。

例如：

--Do you know the famous critic Paul Jones? --The union will resist any proposal that Mr. Johnson should be dismissed. d. 由第一个（即被说明的）同位成分决定单复数的一致关系。

例如：

Land, brains, wealth, technology - in other words everything we need - are plentiful in our country. 如果我们调换这个例句中的同位成分的位置，谓语动词也会随之变化。

--Everything we need - land, brains, wealth, technology - is plentiful in our country. e. 能代替名词词组作同位语常见的结构有ing短语和不定式短语。

例如：

--She likes her job, teaching English. --His favorite exercise, playing tennis after school, kept him fit. --His last appeal, to come and see her, went unanswered. --The question whether to confess it or not troubled him.

二、用作同位语的名词从句

Noun clause as the appositive

同位语从句属复合句的重要内容，也是高考重要考点之一，学好同位语从句关键应注意下列几点：

a.理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质

在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that，whether等词引导，常放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系。

例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school．

他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。

析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。

b.正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句

1．如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。

例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once．

将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。

析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。

2．如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。

例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time．

我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。

析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加“是否”的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。

3．如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用when，where，how等词引导同位语从句。

例1：I have no idea when he will be back．

析：he will be back意义不完整，应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。

例2：I have no impression how he went home，perhaps by bike．

析：he went home意义不完整，应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。

c.把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限

同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句对名词加以限制，是名词内容的修饰性定语，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。

例1：Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities．（NMET2001上海）

A．while B．that C．when D．as

析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：

It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward．

A．what B．that C．when D．as

析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。

例2：She heard a terrible noise，____ brought her heart into her mouth．（MET91）

A．it B．which C．this D．that

析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：

I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly．

A．it B．which C．this D．that

析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。

三、表明同位关系的词语

Indicator as the appositive

有时为了明晰地表示非限制性同位关系，我们会使用一些词语插入同位成分之间。例如：

--How can a solution be found to the current disease of contemporary society, namely the international economic crisis? 这类词语表示同位成分之间的某些语义关系，因而并不是在任何一种同位语中都适用的。常见的词语列举如下，其中表示相同或相近关系的归纳在一组里。

a. 表示等同关系的词语有: namely，that is，that is to say，ie，in other words，or例如：

--You should have consulted an ophthalmologist, that is an eye doctor. --The company commander, that is to say Captain Madison, assembled his men and announced their mission. --He studies linguistics, or the science of language.

b. 表示举例或列举的词语有：for example，for instance，e.g.，such as, say，including。

例如：

--They visited several cities, for example Rome and Athens. --Nouns such as book, pen, apple and toy are countable nouns. --Any dictionary, say Hornby's Advanced Learner's Dictionary, will serve my purpose for the time being.

c. 表示突出某点的词语有：especially，particularly，in particular，notably, chiefly，mainly，

mostly。

--We want to invite a number of friends, especially Joan and Betty. --Most students in our class, particularly David and Chris, are fond of music. --The book contains some fascinating passages, notably an account of their trip to North Africa. 这些词语在使用中有的可以放在第二个同位成分之前或之后：that is，that is to say，for example，for instance，in particular和in other words。

例如：

--Dickens's most productive period, that is (to say) the 1840s, was a time when public demand for fiction was growing at a tremendous rate. --Dickens's most productive period, the 1840s, that is (to say), was a time when public demand for fiction was growing at a tremendous rate. included 只能放在第二个同位成分之后。其他的词语以及一些缩写形式只能放在第二个同位成分之前：namely，or，including，such as，say，especially，particularly，notably, chiefly，mainly，

mostly，ie，e.g.。例如：

--Many people, including my sister, won't forgive him for that. --Many people, my sister included, won't forgive him for that.