Warming up、Pre-reading、Reading、Comprehending第一课时评课稿

Unit 4 Exploring plants Part One: Teaching Design Period 1: A lesson plan for reading (PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES)

Aims To help students develop their reading ability

To help students learn exploring plants Procedures ■Warming up by defining plants

Plants are a major group of living things (about 300,000 species), including familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, and ferns. Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs, and animals. In Linnaeus' system, these became the Kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts. Indeed, any attempt to match "plant" with a single taxon is doomed to fail, because plant is a vaguely defined concept unrelated to the presumed phylogenic concepts on which modern taxonomy is based. Warming up by talking about different gardens Gardens vary in forms and functions. How many can you see in your area? Gardens may function in a particular manner Botanical garden, Community garden, Forest garden, Raised bed gardening, Residential garden, Roof garden, Vertical garden, Water or soil-less gardening (hydroponics) , Walled garden, Windowbox, Zoological garden ■Warming up by discussing gardening

Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients. I. Pre-reading

What is a garden? A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form is known as a residential garden. Western gardens are almost universally based around plants. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoölogical gardens. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather than produce for sale); this distinction is not always clear-cut, however. The gardening article discusses the differences and similarities between gardens and farms in greater detail.

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Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients. II. Reading for forms

Read the text PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES

to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions.

PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES The plants /in our gardens/ look so familiar/ that often we do not realize that /many of them actually come from countries/ far away．Collecting“exotic”plants，as they are called，dates back to the earliest times．Many ancient civilizations saw the value of bringing back plants /from distant lands．The first plant collecting expedition /recorded in history was around 1500 BC /when the Queen of Egypt sent ships away to gather plants，animals /and other goods．

However，it was

not

until the eighteenth/ and nineteenth centuries /that the exploration of the botanical world began

on a large scale．Europe had become interested in scientific discovery/ and the European middle classes took great interest in collecting new plants．This attraction /to exotic plants grew as European nations，like the Netherlands，Britain/ and Spain，moved into other parts of the world/ like Asia /and Australia．Brave young men took

the opportunity of going on botanical expeditions，often facing many dangers/ including disease, near-starvation，severe environments/ and conflicts with the local people．

An important group of collectors were French Catholic missionaries/ who，by the middle of the 18th century，were

beginning to set themselves up /in China．One such missionary，Father d’Incarville，was

sent to Beijing/ in the 1740s．He collected seeds of trees/ and bushes/ including those of the Tree of Heaven．Just before he died，he sent some Tree of Heaven seeds/ to England. They arrived in 1751/ and plants /from these seeds were

grown

throughout Europe/ and 1ater，in 1784，the species was

introduced in North America.

Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector，who accompanied

James Cook/ on his first voyage/ from England /to Oceania．The purpose of the trip/ for Banks was to record the plant /and animal life /they came across．He/ and his team collected

examples/ whenever they went onto dry land．In 1769, Banks collected vast quantities of plants/ in the land now/ known as Australia．None of these plants had been recorded

by Europeans before．Cook called

the bay/ where the Endeavour had anchored Botany Bay．

Keeping plants alive /during long land /or sea voyages was

an enormous challenge. Large numbers of seeds failed to grow

/after long sea voyages /or trips /across land/ between Asia /and Europe. One plant explorer lost several years’ work /when his plants were ruined with seawater．

The world of plant exploration was

completely changed

with Dr Nathaniel Ward’s invention /of a tightly sealed portable glass container．This invention，called

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the Wardian case，allowed plants / to be transported /on long journeys．In 1833，Ward shipped two cases /of British plants/ to Sydney，Australia．All the plants survived the six-month journey．In 1835，the cases made a return trip/ with some Australian species/ that had never been successfully transported before．After eight months/ at sea，they arrived safely /in London．

A British man/ called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors/ to use Wardian cases．He made

several trips/ to China /between 1843 /and 1859. At that time，there

were

restrictions /on the movement of Europeans/ and so，in order to travel unnoticed，he developed

his fluency /in Chinese /and dressed

as a Chinese man，even shaving his head /in the Chinese style．He experienced many adventures/ including huge thunderstorms/ in the Yellow Sea /and pirates /on the Yangtze River．Not only did

Fortune introduce

over 120 species of plants/ to Western gardens/ but he also shipped

20,000 tea plants /from Shanghai/ to India，where a successful tea industry was

established．

The second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant exploration．During this time /many Catholic missionaries were sent to China /from France．They valued the study of the natural sciences /and many of the missionaries/ knew

a lot about plants /and animals．Their expeditions resulted

in huge plant collections，which were sent back to France．One of the collectors was Father Farges, who collected 37 seeds /from a tree /that had appealed to him．This tree was later called the Dove Tree．He sent the seeds/ back to France /in 1897 /but only one seed grew．

Although the missionaries collected

large numbers of specimens，there was

not enough material /for growing particular species /in Western gardens．However，European botanists were

very excited with the knowledge/ that China had

a vast variety of plants，so many plant collectors were

sent on collecting trips/ to China．One of these collectors was E H Wilson /who，in 1899，was able to collect a large quantity of seeds/ of the Dove Tree /that Father Farges had

discovered．Wilson /and other plant collectors introduced many new plants/ to Western gardens．

III. Copying expressions and making sentences You are asked to copy all the useful expressions into your notebook after class as homework. You may make your own sentences with each of these expressions. Expressions from: PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES the plants in one’s gardens, so…that…, come from…, countries far away, collect“exotic”plants，date back to the earliest times,

many ancient civilizations, the value of…, bring back plants from distant lands, the Queen of Egypt, send ships away, gather plants，animals and other goods, it was not until…that…, the exploration of the botanical world, on a large scale, become interested in…, scientific discovery, the European middle classes, take great interest in…, the attraction to exotic plants, move into other parts of the world, take the opportunity of…, go on botanical expeditions, face many dangers, severe environments, conflicts with the local people, by the middle of the 18th century，set one selves up in…, collect seeds of trees and bushes, the Tree of Heaven, send…to…, arrive in,

throughout Europe, accompany sb., the

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purpose of…,

come across, collected examples, go onto dry land, vast quantities of…, known as, keep… alive, during long land or sea voyages, an enormous challenge, Large numbers of,

fail to, the world of plant exploration, be transported on long journeys, make a return trip, make trips to…, at that time，

on the movement of Europeans, in order to, dressed as…，shave one’s head in the Chinese style, experience many adventures, including huge thunderstorms, in the Yellow Sea,

pirates on the Yangtze River, Not only did…but

also…, a successful tea industry, the second half of the nineteenth century, a very important period of plant exploration, value the study of the natural sciences, know

about, result in, appeal to sb., be excited with, a vast variety of plants，

send on collecting trips to…, a large quantity of,

introduce…to…

IV. Reading and transforming Read the text again to complete the chart to fill in the topic sentence of each paragraph. PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES

Topic sentence of 1st

Collecting“exotic”plants，as they are called，dates back to the earliest times．

paragraph Topic sentence of 2nd

However，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the paragraph botanical world began on a large scale．

Topic sentence of 3rd

An important group of collectors were French Catholic missionaries who，by the middle of the 18th paragraph century，were beginning to set themselves up in China．

Topic sentence of 4th

Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector，who accompanied James Cook on his first paragraph voyage from England to Oceania．

Topic sentence of 5th

Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was an enormous challenge. paragraph Topic sentence of 6th

The world of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Ward’s invention of a paragraph tightly sealed portable glass container．

Topic sentence of 7th

A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to use Wardian cases．

paragraph Topic sentence of 8th

The second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant exploration．

paragraph Topic sentence of 9th

Although the missionaries collected large numbers of specimens，there was not enough material for paragraph growing particular species in Western gardens．

V. Closing down by learning about prehistoric plants Prehistoric plants are various groups of plants that lived before recorded history (before about 3500 BC).

Plants have remained remarkedly unchanged thoughout earth's geological time scale. Early ferns had developed by the Mississippian, conifers by the Pennsylvanian. Some

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plants of prehistory are the same ones around today and are thus living fossils, such as Ginkgo biloba and Sciadopitys verticillata. Additional Materials Complete the summary of the text with one word in each blank. It was not ___1__ the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries __2___the exploration of the botanical world began __3___ a large scale．An important group of collectors ___4___ French Catholic missionaries ____5__，by the middle of the 18th century，__6____ beginning to set themselves up in China．__7____ plants alive during long land or sea voyages ___8___ an enormous challenge. __9____ numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea __10____ or trips across land ___11___ Asia and Europe. The world of plant exploration ___12___ completely changed ___13___ Dr Nathaniel Ward’s invention ___14___ a tightly sealed portable glass container．This invention，___15___ the Wardian case，allowed plants

to be __16____ on long journeys．A British man __17____ Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant __18____ to use Wardian cases．__19____ second half of the nineteenth century ___20___ a very important period of plant __21____．During this time many Catholic missionaries ___22___ sent to China from France．___23___ the missionaries collected large numbers ___24___ specimens，there was __25____ enough material for growing particular species in ___26___ gardens．

(key: 1. until 2. that 3. on 4. were 5. who 6.were 7.Keeping 8.was 9. Large 10.voyages 11.between 12. was 13.with 14. of 15.called 16.transported 17. called 18.collectors 19.The 20.was 21.exploration 22. were 23.Although 24. of 25. not

26.Western )

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