Learning about Language教学实录及点评

Unit 2 Working the land

1．

教材分析

本单元的中心话题是“农业”，

学生通过讨论和阅读了解有关农业、农村和农作物种植的内容。让学生了解农业在整个人类生活中的重要性，了解农村生活，了解中国农民的生活现状，提高他们对农业的认识，并且帮助他们更深刻地理解农业科学家袁隆平的科学研究的价值。同时让学生了解organic farming 以及它对人们生活的重要性，进一步扩大学生的关于农业方面的词汇量，并通过写一则海报提高学生的写作水平。

LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE 部分学习本单元重点词汇和语法项目。词语学习部分采用给出词义而让学生从课文中找出与之匹配的词，然后用所找的词汇完成第二个练习中的短文，以及用课文中意义相近的词汇替换练习三句中划线部分。通过这三种练习帮助学生理解并能熟练应用课文中所学的词汇。语法部分通过从课文中找同义句引出动词的-ing 形式，教师此时可引导学生找出其他的句子，以启发学生理解-ing形式的句法功能。练习二通过模仿例句，用-ing形式做主语代替动词不定式改写句子。练习三要求学生连接短语造句，让学生学习-ing形式作宾语的用法，并列举后面接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词。练习四则训练学生v-ing形式在实际生活中的应用能力。练习五则设计了一个游戏以丰富学生的想象力。

Words and Grammar Teaching goals 教学目标

1. Target language 目标语言

a. 词汇和短语

sunburnt, hunger, expand, circulate, struggle, export, output, satisfied, strain, rid ... of, lead a ... life, would rather, thanks to b. 语法

The -ing form as subject and object. 2. Ability goals 能力目标

Enable Ss to master the usage of the words and expressions above and use the -ing form as subject and object correctly and freely.

3. Learning ability goals 学能目标

Help Ss learn how to use these words and expressions freely to express their ideas and use the -ing form as subject and object as they like. They can also practise actively and attentively so that they reach their goals. Teaching important points 教学重点

The usage of the important words and the -ing form used as subject and object. Teaching difficult points 教具难点

How to use the words and expressions and the -ing form freely. Teaching methods 教学方法

Explaining, discussing and practising. Teaching aids 教具准备

A projector and a computer. Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式

Grammar

一. 动名词做主语的用法

动名词做主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作, 在口语中也可以表示具体的动作。如：

Seeing is believing.

Helping her is my duty.

Talking mends no holes.

空谈无济于事。

Working with you is a pleasure.

和你一起工作是一种乐趣。

动名词做主语和不定式做主语一样，也可以用it作形式主语。如：

It's rather tiring walking around in a city.

不定式做主语往往表示具体的特别是将来的动作。如：

It's no use crying over spilt milk.

覆水难收。

He realized that to go on like this was wrong.

二.

动名词作宾语的用法

1．有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语。如admit, appreciate, avoid，can't stand（不能忍受）, consider，delay, devote … to, dislike enjoy，escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, get down to, give up,

imagine. insist on, keep (on), look forward to, mention, mind, miss（错过）, pay attention to, practice, put off, stick to, suggest等等。

Doing morning exercises is good for your health.

做早操对你的健康有好处。

Her shoes wants mending.

她的鞋该修理了。

注意: 当

need, want, require, worth后面接doing也可以表示被动。

Your hair wants cutting.

你的头发该理了。

The floor requires washing.

地板需要冲洗。

I have finished writing this book.

我已经写完这本书了。

2. 在allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词作宾语，如果有名词或代词作宾语，则构成“allow／advise／forbid／permit ＋名词／代词＋不定式（宾语补足语）”之形式。如：

We don't allow smoking here．

We don't allow anybody to smoke here．

3. 动词need, require, want意为“需要”时，后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。如：

The window needs／requires／wants cleaning／to be cleaned．

4. 在begin, continue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend, start后用动名词和

用不定式作宾语均可，意义没有多大区别。

5. 动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, can't help后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大，须注意。

forget, regret, remember后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。

The Third Period Extensive Reading Teaching goals 教学目标

1. Target language 目标语言

a. 重点词语

chemical, bacteria, pest, lead to, discovery, nutrition, keep…free from, root b. 重点句型

With these discoveries, some farmer and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming. Over the past half century, using chemical fertilizers has become very common in farming. 2. Ability goals 能力目标

Enable Ss to master the main idea of the text and know the ways of organizing articles. 3. Learning ability goals 学能目标

Help Ss learn how to enlarge the words and structures of the same topic. Teaching important and difficult points 教学重难点

1. How to grasp the main idea of the passage. 2. How to grasp the words and phrases and be able to use them freely. Teaching methods 教学方法

Show questions, read fast, find the main ideas, and then read carefully and finish all the tasks. Teaching aids 教学准备

A recorder and a projector. Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方法

Step Ⅰ

Greeting and revision

T: Morning, boys and girls! Do you still remember the poem I gave you last time? Ss: Yeah! T: Who’d like to recite it to the whole class?

S1: Me. Listen! 心平何劳持戒，行直何用修禅，恩则孝养父母，义则上下相怜。让则尊卑和睦，忍则众恶无喧。若能钻木取火，淤泥定生红莲。

T：Very good! Thank you. I think knowledge is important. But wisdom is more important. If a person only knows how to invent and creat something, but doesn’t think over whether his inventions can bring people the true happiness; or he only does thing for his or his group’s interest. Moreover, sometimes what he made can do harm to society, then he will be the most dangerous person in the world. The poem above is very easy to understand. If you do things as it tells us, you can turn out to be a wise man who will bring the world the happiness.

Well, today we are going to do some reading. Please turn to Page 13. We’ll read this material first.

Step Ⅱ

Reading There are three tasks in this step. First, teacher can ask students to read the articles one paragraph by one paragraph. Ask them some questions about these passages. There are three paragraphs in the article. In each passage, there are one or two questions. When students finish these questions, they will find that the structure of the text has turned up. T: Wonderful! Homework check is over. In the last two periods we talked about agriculture. As people’s living condition improves, more and more people are concerned about what they eat. In fact more and more people become worried about the quality of the food they eat. Because more and more farmers use chemical fertilizer instead of natural waste from animals and they use poison to kill insects to protect their plants. So people now all want to eat green food which does no harm to their health. They are more concerned about organic farming. Now let’s read the text and know something about organic farming. Task 1: Questions about the text. Show the questions on the screen: 1. What is the organic farming? 2. What is the advantage of using natural fertilizer?

3. What is the disadvantage of using chemical fertilizers? 4. What’s the main idea of paragraph 3? 5. Why do farmers grow their crops in such ways? T: Boys and girls, today we’ll read the text one paragraph by one paragraph. Now please read the first paragraph quickly, and find the answer to the first question: what is the organic farming? S1: Organic farming refers to crops growing with natural rather than chemical fertilizers. T: Good. Now read the second paragraph quickly and find the answer to this question: what are the advantage of using natural fertilizer? S2: Make the soil richer in minerals and so more fertile. T: anything else? S3: Reduce diseases in crops and help them grow strong and healthy. Besides, keep the air, soil and water as well as the food supply free from chemical.

T: What is the disadvantage of using chemical fertilizers? S4: Let me answer it. There are three disadvantages. Firstly, leaving chemicals in the ground for a long time is not good for the soil or the water supply. Secondly, farmers often grow the same crop year after year. As a result, the soil gets exhausted. Thirdly, chemical fertilizers kill both helpful and harmful bacteria and pests. Main idea of the passage Chemical fertilizers can cause many problems, so organic farming is becoming

more popular. Structure of the text I using chemical fertilizers for a long time can hurt the land and also people’s health II Problem caused by chemical fertilizers 1. Damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones 2. Lead to cancer or other illness.

3. Food grown with chemical fertilizers look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.

Ⅲ

Organic farming is becoming more popular with some farmers and many customers after these discoveries came out.

IV Other methods to keep the soil fertile. 附件1

Is organic food safe? Yes. Organic food is as safe to consume as any other kind of food. Just as with any kind of produce, consumers should wash before consuming to ensure maximum cleanliness. As cited above, organic produce contains significantly lower levels of pesticide residues than conventional produce. It is a common misconception that organic food could be at greater risk of E. coli contamination because of raw manure application although conventional farmers commonly apply tons of raw manure as well with no regulation whatsoever. Organic standards set strict guidelines on manure use in organic farming: Either it must be first composted, or it must be applied at least 90 days before harvest, which allows ample time for microbial breakdown of any pathogens.

Why does organic cost more? The cost of organic food is higher than that of conventional food because the organic price tag more closely reflects the true cost of growing the food: substituting labor and intensive management for chemicals, the health and environmental costs of which are borne by society. These costs include cleanup of polluted water and remediation of pesticide contamination. Prices for organic foods include costs of growing, harvesting, transportation and storage. In the case of processed foods,

processing and packaging costs are also included. Organically produced foods must meet stricter regulations governing all these steps than conventional foods. The intensive management and labor used in organic production are frequently (though not always) more expensive than the chemicals routinely used on conventional farms. There is mounting evidence that if all the indirect costs of conventional food production were factored into the price of food, organic foods would cost the same, or, more likely, be cheaper than conventional food. 附件2 INTERNATIONAL COALITION PROPOSES WORLD HUNGER REFORMS

From IVU News 2001 Rome, Italy, May 28 [2002] - An international coalition promoting plant-based solutions to world hunger proposed sweeping reforms to delegates to the Food and Agriculture Organization meeting on world food security in Rome. The purpose of the meeting was to repair a flawed process that was supposed to reduce the number of chronically hungry people in the world by half by the year 2015.

The coalition’s position paper makes several creative points to clear the impasse: A key root cause of world hunger, aside from natural disasters, pests, and wars, has been the insistence first by colonial powers and now by corporate interests on production of cash crops for export, in place of sufficient nutritious, safe, and accessible food for the local population.

International trade can not solve world hunger because it shifts limited agricultural resources to production of cash crops for export, and people who don’t have access to food and other basic necessities of life have nothing to trade.

Westem meat industries, facing public awareness of the health impacts and strict environmental regulations at home, seek to exploit the natural resources, cheap labor, and potential markets of low-income food-deficient nations (LIFDNs).

The definition of food security as the sustainable availability of sufficient amounts of nutritious, safe, and accessible foodstuffs leads inevitably to the choice of plant-based solutions and the avoidance of animal-based solutions.

Affluent nations should act upon their moral obligation to provide the resources

necessary to transport and distribute western food surpluses to the world’s hungry people and to help set up sustainable production of sufficient nutritious, safe, and accessible locally grown plant-based foods. They should reduce their own dependence on animal-based diets to release foodstuffs for the hungry.

LIFDNs should scrutinize carefully all offers of resources to make sure that these truly meet their needs, rather than those of western corporate interests. They should insist on building up sustainable production of sufficient nutritious, safe, and accessible locally grown plant-based foods.

In addition to distributing the position paper to the delegates, coalition activists also handed out leaflets at the FAO Rome headquarters. Additional actions are planned in connection with the World Food Summit to be held in Rome in November.

Members of the coalition include FARM , a U.S. non-profit organization which has promoted sustainable, humane farming practices since 1976, and two Italian groups, Societa Vegetariana (Milan) and Progetto Vivere Vegan (Florence). 附件3 Hunger: Vegetarian Solutions Now - Vegfam By Freva Dinsha

Vegfam is a charitable organization with the mission to feed the hungry without exploitin animals. It was founded in 1963 in England by Chris and Janet Aldous. Later Ruth and Friedenstern Howard became Trustees.. Frieden and others continue its work today out of the office in Devon, England. (VEGFAM, The Sanctuary, Nr Lydford, Okehampton, Devon EX20 4AL, England) For over 30 years, Vegfam has been working with and influencing major charities around the world, by co-financing projects that do not exploit animals. Vegfam works through indigenous on-the-spot representatives, and works with existing charities to support immediate and long-term food and water-aid projects. In working with existing charities, Vegfam educates these groups about the need for relief efforts that do not feed the hungry at the expense of animals and the environment.

Short-term aid for famine victims includes purchasing grains, legumes, fruits, nuts,

and vegetables, and providing water supplies. Long-term aid includes providing seeds for planting, irrigation projects, digging water wells, providing fruit and nut trees, providing vegetable plots and/or training people to grow vegetables, and Leaf Concentrate projects. Some of the countries aided by Vegfam are India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria/Biafra, Somalia, Syria, Lebanon, Zimbabwe, and many more.

In 1994 help was sent to Angola, Rwanda, and Bosnia. Donations made in 1995 were, in ￡

sterling; (￡1 = about $1.60), and the amounts are small compared to need, to:

MALAWI (Monkey Bay) ￡1,000 to finance running a Fruit Tree Nursery . The project is done in conjunction with Concern Universal and the Wildlife Society of Malawi.

INDIA (Madurai) ￡1,265 for two wells in Karumbalai for poor villagers who would otherwise have to walk afar. ￡1,935 to feed orphans in the orphanage at Chathirpatti. (The orphans are taken in from various disasters in India: flood, earthquake, plague, etc.) Both of these efforts are in support of the work of Pastor Jesudoss.

INDIA (Jaipur) ￡500 for the leaf concentrate child feeding programs run by Find Your Feet,

INDIA (Himalayas Kumaon) ￡500 for a medicinal and culinary herb nursery which will help subsistence farmers earn a living and overcome a food shortage, and preserve the wild-growing herbs that are being excessively harvested.

EL SALVADOR ￡2,500 for growing and drying cowpea leaves to add to children’s snacks to alleviate malnutrition, in cooperation with a local agency, and Find Your Feet.

So far in 1996 donations have been made to:

INDIA, through Pastor Jesudoss: ￡500 to help feed refugees from Sri Lanka, and ￡1,220 to the orphanage.

ZAMBIA: ￡3,000 for a maize grinding mill, donated through the Zambian Society Of Vegetarians.

MEXICO: ￡2,000 for a dried leaf project of FIND YOUR FEET with cooperation of a local agency.

NIGERIA, and awaiting funding, is a soy flour distribution project to be conducted by the Nigerian Vegetarian Society.