Learning about Languageppt配用优秀教学设计

Unit 1 Cultural Relics The Second Period Grammar Learning about language

Teaching goals: 1.

Target language a.

Vocabulary trial, consider, prove, tell the truth, pretend, think highly of, besides b.

Structures I think highly of those who are searching for the Amber Room. Besides, my father once told me that any person who finds something could keep it. I must say that I agree with you. I must say that I don’t agree with you. 2.

Ability goals Enable the students to make judgments and to write a short reply to a letter, then give their own opinions.

3.

Learning ability goals

Help the students learn how to make judgments and give their opinions. Teaching important points The attributive clauses with that/which/who/where/when Teaching difficult points How to tell the attributive clauses with that/which/who/ where/when/ from other clauses Teaching methods Learning and practicing Teaching aids Multimedia computer Teaching procedures and ways 1.

rare

稀少的，罕见的；珍贵的；三分熟

辨析：

易混词

rare scare uncommon/unusual 辨析

例句

通常指罕见而有价值的事物。

He replaced the rare vase with/ by a false one. 主要指有用的一般事物，但目前数量不够。

指因不经常发生而值得注意的事物。

Water is scare in the desert. It’s no longer uncommon/unusual for a girl to take part in the games now. valuable adj.

1)很有用的，宝贵的very useful or important valuable experience 宝贵的经验

2)很值钱的，贵重的

Valuable jewellery 3) valueless无价值的，不值钱的

without value or worth worthless 没有用的，

无价值的;

Critics say his paintings are worthless.

人品质坏的，不中用的

Constant rejections made him fell very worthless. A sense of worthlessness 无能为力的感觉

priceless

无价的，极重要的，珍贵的

very valuable or important survive

1)

vi 继续生存,存在，存活survive (from/on/as sth) Many strange customs have survived from earlier time. 很多奇怪的风俗从早年就留存下来了。

I can’t survive on 40 dollars in a week. 一星期，40美元我无法维生活。

Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived. 2) vt 经历某遭遇后幸存,艰难度过

survive sth. Few people survived the earthquake. The company managed to survive the crisis. 3) vt 比…活/存在得时间长

survive sb/sth. The man survived his sister by three years. 4)survivor n. 幸存者

There was only one survivor from / of the plane crash. 这次空难只有一名幸存者。

survival n. 幸存

His only chance of survival was a heart transplant.

唯有心脏移植手术才能使他活下来。

survive v. 继续生存或存在

value n. 价值

decorate v. 装饰

survival n. 幸存，存活

valuable adj. 贵重的，有价值的

decoration n. 装饰，装潢

survivor n. 幸存者

Valueless adj. 无价值的，没有用的

decorative adj. 装饰的，装饰作用的

The jawbone was our most valuable discovery. They have ordered software to the value of 700. He thinks our advice is valueless, so he won’t take it. Many strange customs have survived from earlier times. This ceremony is a survival from pre-Christian times. She is the only survivor in the accident. When will they finish the decoration of the room? The building was decorated with flags. The colored lights are very decorative. Reading 一．长难句分析

1. Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. 普鲁士国王威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有这样一段令人惊讶的历史。

1) could not/never have done

是对过去所发生事情的否定推测

She couldn’t have walked there.

归纳：情态动词+ have done 表示对过去所发生的事情的推测，现归纳如下：

must + have done只用于肯定句，“肯定已做过”（表推测）

could have done

本来可以做（却未做）；可能做过

can’t /couldn’t +have done “过去不可能做过，肯定没做过”，或“本来有能力做而实际上没有做”。

should (ought to) + have done 表示“本来应该做而实际上没做”,含有责备的语气。

should not (ought not to) + have done则表示“本来不该做而实际上做了”，含有责备的语气。

needn’t + have done 表示“本来不必做的事，实际上做过了。”

may (might) + have done表示对过去的推测，多用于陈述句，

might 比may 语气更加委婉。意思是“可能或许做过；本来或许会做（却未做）”

would like to have done 表示“本来希望做而却未做的事”。

had better have done

例1. (2007福建) ---Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday. --- You ______ it in the wrong place.

A. must put B. should have put

C. might put

D. might have put 解析：答案是D。might have done表示过去可能做过的事。

例2. (2007上海)---Guess what! I have got an A for my term paper.

---Great! You _____ read widely and put a lot of work into it.

A. must

B. should

C. must have

D. should have 解析：答案是C。此句意为“你肯定读了很多书”，对过去发生的事情进行推测用must have done。

例3. (2008重庆)---I can’t find my purse anywhere.

---You

have lost it while shopping.

A. may

B. can

C.

should

D. would 解析：答案是A。此句意为“你可能购物时丢了它了”，过去可能发生的事情用may have done。

例4. (上海 2000) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ______ your lecture．

A．

couldn’t have attended B． needn’t have attended

C．

mustn’t have attended

D．

shouldn’t have attended 解析：答案是A。此句意为

“我妹妹昨天下午在大剧院碰见他了，所以他不可能听了你的讲座。” 表示过去不可能做了用“can’t / couldn’t have done”。

2)

such为形容词修饰名词，so为副词修饰形容词或副词。

such a / an (+形容词) + 单数名词

such (+形容词) + 复数名词

so+形容词+a/an +单数名词

so+形容词

/ 副词

so many / few +复数名词

(如此多/少的…)

so much / little + 不可数名词

(如此多/少的…)

记忆口诀：名前such，形、副so，多多少少也用so，little属特殊，“小”用such，“少”用so。

such little children 如此小的孩子们

so little water

如此少的水

注意：与表示量的形容词或不定代词连用时，应放于此类词之后，如：no such man, many such books, few such films, two such boxes. 2．…which took the country’s best artists about ten years to make. 它花了这个国家最

好的艺术家十年的时间建造的。

take 表示“ 需要，花费”，常用句型为“It takes sb some time to do sth.”例如：

It took him all afternoon to finish the task.

他用了整个下午才完成这件工作。

Courage is what it takes to succeed.

成功需要勇气。

3.

About four meters long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors.

琥珀屋长约四米，被当作了接待厅接见重要客人。

表示某物的长，宽，高的结构为：数词+量词+ long/ wide/ high

或：数词+量词+ in length/ width/ height 例：--- ______ is the height of the mountain?

---It’s 8848 meters ______.

A. How tall; high B. What; tall C. What; in height D. What high; high;

解析：答案是C。高度是多少用what提问，第二空可填high或in height。

3. Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace …… . Have, get 后可加

不定式，现在分词，

过去分词，

三种形式做宾补。

“ 使，让，叫”

1）have / get sth. Done 使/让某事由别人做

You’d better have/get your bicycle repaired.

Now many people move into cities in order to have their children better educated. Have sth done 还有使…遭遇，经历（不好的事或意外）

He had/got his money stolen. 2）have sb. /sth. doing sth. 使某人/某物一直做某事

Have sb doing 用语否定句，

有容忍的意思。

I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that. Don’t have the water running.

3)have sth. to do 有事要做

（主语自己做）

I have a meeting to attend. 4)have sth. to be done 有事要做（让别人做）

I have a telegram to be sent out. 5)have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事

make/let sb. do sth

get sb. to do sth I’ll have Mary finish it.

4. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. the way she wanted前的介词in被省略了，同时定语从句she wanted的引导词that也被省略了。又如：

In English, words are not always spelled the way they sound. He doesn’t speak English the way I do.

I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted.

he was looking at her in a way that surprised her. we have to make it work in the way that they want it to 另外，1) 当way前面有形容词作定语时，其前不省略in。

2) way后可接of doing或to do作定语，表示做某事的方式或手段。

He always writes in a careless way. He found the best way to solve / of solving the problem. 1.

Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and …….

light 的过去式和过去分词有两种: lit和

lighted。作谓语时，二者可通用，但作定语时，只能用lighted。

He lighted / lit a candle and handed the lighted candle to me. 5. This was a time when the two countries were at war. 这是两国交战的时期。

① a time 表示一段时间，为先行词，when 引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作时间状语。

考题：There was ______ time ______ I hated to go to school.

A. a, that

B. a, when

C. the, that

D. the, when 解析：答案是B。此题结构和所分析的句子完全相同。

②

at war (with) (和…)处于交战状态，war前不要冠词。其他“介词+冠词”表状态的短语有：

at:

at work在工作/ at table 在吃饭/ at play 在玩耍

on:

on show 在展出

/ on duty值班/ on sale 出售；贱卖/ on holiday 在度假/ on fire在燃烧

/ on watch值班，放哨/ on trial受审/ on business 因公，因事/ on guard 警惕，防范

in:

in trouble在麻烦中

/ in danger 处于危险中/ in battle 在交战/ in doubt怀疑，不确定/ in order 秩序井然，整齐/ in secret 秘密地，私下地/ in debt 欠债/ in shape 处于良好状态/ in anger愤怒地/ in poverty 在贫困中

under:

under repair在修理中

/ under discussion正被讨论

/ under construction正在建造中

/ under treatment 正被治疗under 二.词语辨析：

1. worth, worthy, worthwhile (1)worth: (have a worth in money, ect.) ①只作表语，有某种价值,值…钱；

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. How much is this painting worth? The picture is worth $ 500. 这幅画值500 美元。

②值得（费周折）的(important, good or enjoyable enough to make sb feel satisfied, when difficulty or effort is involved. ); 指（行动）有价值的（used to recommend the action mentioned because you think it may be useful.）

worth + sth/doing sth值得做某事，接动名词时用主动形式表被动意义。

The job involves a lot of hard work , but it’s worth it. The museum is worth visiting. What is worth doing is worth doing well. 值得干的事就得干好。

Nothing he said was worth listening to. 他说的话没有一句值得听。

③ worth 习惯上不用

very 修饰，要表示类似意思可用

well。如：

The work is well worth doing. (2)worthy可用作表语和定语

① worthy of sth值得…

Their efforts are worthy of your support. 他们的努力应得到你的支持。 Her behavior is worthy of praise. 她的行为是值得赞扬的。

② be worthy to do 值得（表主动）

He is worthy to receive such honor. 他应该得到这种荣誉。

③ be worthy of being done/ be worthy to be done 值得被（表被动）

This suggestion is worthy to be considered. 这个建议值得考虑。

This suggestion is worthy of being considered. 这个建议值得考虑。

④作定语，值得尊重和考虑的，(having qualities that deserve your respect or attention, admiration.)如：a worthy course 崇高的事业，

(3)worthwhile: adj值得的，值得花时间、钱或精力的，

①作表语, 后接动名词或不定式均可。

如：

It is worthwhile buying/ to buy the dictionary. 这本词典值得买。

②作定语，如：

Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理工作是很值得干的职业。

补充说明：在很多情况下，同一个意思可用几种不同的形式表达。

那个地方值得一去。正：The place is worth a visit. The place is worthy of a visit. The place is worthy of being visited. The place is worthy to be visited. The place is worth visiting. It is worth visiting the place. It is worthwhile visiting the place. It is worthwhile to visit the place. 2. spend, cost, take, pay (1)spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：

① spend time／money on sth. 在……上花费时间（金钱）。例：

I spent two hours on this maths problem.

② spend time／money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。例：

They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们

两年时间。

(2)cost的主语是物或某种活动，

还可以表示“值”，

常见用法如下：

①sth. costs + (sb.) ＋金钱. 某物花了（某人）多少钱。例：

A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。

② sth. costs + (sb.) ＋代价.

做某事使某人付出了什么代价。例：

Drunk driving cost him his life. 酒后开车使他付出了生命的代价。

(3)take后面常跟双宾语，

常见用法有以下几种：

①It takes sb. ＋时间＋to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例：

It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。

②It takes (sb )＋sth + to do sth. 做某事需要(某人)某物。例：

Courage is what it takes to succeed.成功需要勇气。

A smile is sometimes what it takes to cheer a friend up. 有时候一个微笑就会使朋友高兴起来。

(4)pay的基本用法是：

① (Sb) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱（给某人）买……。例：

I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。

② pay for sth. 付……的钱。例：

I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。

③ pay sb (+ to do) 付钱给某人(去做某事)。

例:

We pay the baby-sitter by the hour. 我们按小时给保姆钱。

I will pay you $3 to clean my car.我给你3美元你替我洗车。

search 1) n. 搜寻，搜索，查找

an attempt to find sb/sth, especially by looking carefully for them/it. in search of sb/sth (=looking for)寻找… 在句中作目的状语或表语

He was in search of an old friend. They went out in search of food. in the/one’s search for sb/sth 寻找…

Many people joined them in the search for gold. 2)

v. search for sth 寻找某物或某人

She searched in vain for her passport. 她寻找护照，但是没找到。

I’ve searched high and low for my lost pen. 我到处寻找丢失的钢笔。

search sth for sth/sb

搜查某物以寻找某人或某物

Police are still searching the woods for the missing girl. 警察在搜索森林寻找失踪女孩。

Firefighters searched the building for survivors. 消防战士搜查大楼寻找幸存者。

search sb for sth

搜查某人以寻找某物

The police searched her for drugs. 警察搜查她，看她身上是否有毒品。

be used to do, be used to doing与

used to do The wood here will be used to make tables and chairs. He is used to living in the countryside now. She used to come a lot, but now we seldom see her.

amaze vt

: very surprise 辨析：

易混词

amaze surprise astonish shock 辨析

“惊愕”；含有惊叹；佩服之意。

例句

Fare’s perfect voice amazed

me. “惊讶”“出乎意料”；是“吃惊”的普通用词。It surprised me that you sang this song so well. 语气较弱。

She astonished us by saying “使十分惊讶”“试大吃一惊”(=surprise sb. very much)，语气较强，含难以置信之意。

she was leaving. 使“震惊”；多用来指重大的事情使人为之一震，有大为惊讶之意（=surprise sb. greatly），语气最强。

I was shocked by what had happened. amazed 感到吃惊的,大为惊奇的

be amazed by/at

She was amazed at how calm she felt after the accident. be amazed that/wh- It amazed her that he could be so calm at such a time.在这个时候他还能冷静，真令我惊讶。

be amazed to find/see…

She was amazed to find no one was hurt. amazing 令人吃惊的

The amazing thing is that it was kept secret for so long. amazement n. She look at him in amazement. 她惊愕的看着他。

be made into

被制成…

be made of

用…制成(看得见原材料) be made from

用…制成(看不见原材料) be made for

为…制作

be made up of

由…组成

Ex. 用以上短语完成句子。

1). A car ________________many different parts . 2). The chair ______________wood . 3). The wine ________________grapes . 4). The salad _________lettuce , tomatoes and cucumbers . 5). Wood can ____________paper . select

select / choose / elect / pick select

强调在广泛的范围内进行“精选或淘汰”，侧重以客观为标准进行选择。

choose

普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。

elect

指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。

pick

口语用词，强调“从个人角度在众多之中进行挑选”，有时含有“任意选择”的意思。

1）vt. 选择，挑选

select sth/sb (as/for sth),

He hasn’t been selected as the monitor. Tom failed to be selected for the football team. select sb/sth (from sth) He selected several good students from the class to compete for the race. 2）

adj n. 精选的，优等的

a select club 名流俱乐部

They lived in a select area. 他们住在高级住宅区。

3）

selective adj.

常作定语

有选择的，选择性的

the selective breeding of cattle 牛的选择性培育

be selective (about sth)严格筛选的

you must be selective bout who could be promoted. honeyed adj. 言辞

甜言蜜语的，柔顺讨好的

He spoke in honeyed tones.他说话像抹了蜜似的。

design n.v. 1)v.

计划，筹划( to think of and plan a system , a way of doing sth, ect.) design doing/to do…打算做……

We have designed building/ to build a park here. 设计,构思

~ sth (to decise how sth will look, work ,etc. especially by drawing plans or making models)

to design a car / a dress / an office

设计汽车，连衣裙，办公室

a badly designed kitchen一间设计很差的厨房

He designed and built his own house. 他设计建造了自己的家。

be design ed for sth / be designed as sth / be designed to do

为某目的或用途而设计制造

(to make, plan, or intend sth for a particular purpose or ues.) This room is designed for the children. This is designed as a present for my daughter.这是作为礼物给我女儿的。

This course is designed as an introduction to the subject. 这门课程是作为该科目的入门课而开设的。

The programme is designed to help people who have been out of work. 这个项目是为帮助失业的人而开设的。

2）n. 设计，布局，安排

The machine’s unique design prevents from overheating.这机器独特的设计可以防止温度过高。

构思，艺术设计

She came to London in 1960 to study fashion design. 打算，意图

She had designs on his money. 她觊觎他的钱财。

We don’t know if it was done by accident or by design. 我们不知道那件事是偶然的还是故意的。

by design

on purpose

by intention故意地

by accident

by chance

意外地

decorate v.

1）装饰，装潢；

点缀，装点；decorate sth ( with sth) Photos of actors decorated the wall of the restaurant. 演员的照片点缀了这面墙壁。

We decorated the house with some pictures. 译：墙上装饰有几幅画。

误：Some pictures were decorated on the wall. 正：The wall was decorated with some pictures. 2)授给（某人）勋章或奖章

decorate sb. for sth decoration n.

c. pl. 装饰品

Christmas decorations u. 装饰，装潢

. jewel

c. 宝石

a precious stone

a jewel box 首饰盒

pl. 宝石饰物，珠宝首饰

jewellery n. u. 珠宝，首饰（总称）

silver/gold jewellery 银饰，金饰

style

方式，

作风

the particular way in which sth is done. a style of learships/management 领导作风，管理方法

（书，画，建筑等）风格，体

( features) a style of architecture 建筑风格

in … style / in the style of … “以…的风格”

She bought a painting in the style of Picasso. Do you have a chair in this style? 时髦，流行( the quality of being fashionable in clothes that you wear.) in / out of style 时髦的

/ 过时的

（衣服，头发等）款式

( a particular design of sth, especially clothes.)

fancy

1）adj. fancier, fanciest 异常过分复杂的( usually complicated, often in a unnecessary way.) They added a lot of fancy footsteps to the dance.他们给这个舞蹈增加了很多复杂的舞步。

（常贬义）昂贵的，奢华的

(expensive or connected with an expensive way of life.) Fancy restaurant with fancy price 价格昂贵的奢华餐厅

（小物件）精致的，花哨的

( with a lot of decorations or bright colors.) fancy goods 奇特的，异样的

2）v. 想要，想做want sth or want to do sth Do you fancy a drink?想要喝一杯吗？

Do you fancy gonging out this evening?今晚想出去吗？

He didn’t fancy the idea of gonging home in the dark.他不喜欢夜晚回家

自负，自命不凡( to think yourself is very popular, attractive, intelligent.) fancy oneself I could tell he really fancies himself. 看得出他确实自以为了不起

自以为是，自命为

( to like the idea of being sth or to believe, often wrongly, that you are sth.) fancy oneself/(as/to be sth) fancy + that clause He fancies himself a serious. 他自以为是严肃的演员

认为，想象to believe or imagine sth fancy (one’s) doing sth.想象（某人）做某事

fancy sb to be/as..想象，认为某人为成为…

fancy that…

Don’t fancy that you can succeed without hard work.. She fancied she heard footsteps behind her. 她觉得好像听到有脚步声

He fancies she likes him.他以为他喜欢她。

fancy常用于表惊叹的句子，意为“没想到，竟然”

Fancy meeting you here.竟然在这遇见了你

“ she remembered my name after all these years”, ‘fancy that”.真想不到

3）n.爱好，喜爱，迷恋, 想要

( a feeling that you’d like to have sth or to do sth.) have a fancy that…感到，揣测……

have a fancy for…喜欢……

take a fancy to…变得喜欢

take/catch one’s fancy引起某人的喜欢，中某人的意，吸引某人

She looked through these books until one of them took her fancy.她仔细查看这些书，终于有一本中了她的意。

He said he wanted a dog , but it was only a passing fancy. 他说他想要一条狗，但那只是他一时心血来潮。

想象（力），

想象的事物

（sth that you imagine; your imagination.）

belong to sb 属于某人( owned by sb) The case doesn’t belong to me. （事件，比赛等某人）获胜，最受欢迎

( most successful or popular.) Tom did well at the party, but the evening belonged to Lucy. 汤姆表现的很好，但路西整晚都大出风头

belong to sth

是…的成员( to be a member of a club, team, organization,) I don’t know to which team he belongs. 是（某族类或纲目的）一部分，属于( to be part of a particular group, type, system.) Lions belong to the cat family. 注意：belong to既无被动形式，也不能用于进行时。to为介词，可跟名词或代词作宾语。

可用于V-ing形式作后置定语

Eg: I don’t know any members belonging to that club.

Diao Yu Island, belonging to China, is off the north coast of Taiwan. in return 作为对…的报答，以答谢

( as a way of thanking sb, or paying them for sth they’ve done.) You gave me your watch and in return I gave you my book. He bought her a gold watch in return for her help. 作为回应(as a response of reaction)

I asked his opinion, but he just ask me a questioning return. 我征求他的意见，他却只是反问了我一句。

serve as

当，担任，充当

He served as a waiter there. 归纳：act as 充当; 担任...角色

work as担当，充当

A trained dog can act as a guide to a blind person. He worked in China as a doctor.

reception n. c. 接待处

招待会，接待仪式,欢迎会( a formal social occasion to welcome sb or celebrate sth.)

a wedding reception 结婚喜宴

u. 接纳，迎接

(the act of receiving

or welcoming sb.) a reception centre 接待站

sing. 欢迎，接受

( the type of welcome that is given to sb/sth.) I received a warm reception in the school.我在学校受到了热烈的欢迎

consider 1)（尤指为做出决定）仔细考虑，细想

( to think about sth carefully in order to make a decision.) consider + n./doing/wh- + to do/that-clause She considered her options.她考虑了自己的各种选择

We’re considering buying a car. We need to consider how the law might be reformed.我们正在想怎样修订这项法律。

I’d like some time to consider.我需要时间考虑

He was considering what to do next. 2)认为；以为；觉得

( to think of eth in a particular.) consider + n/that-clause/+(to be/as) + n./adj./to do

consider+宾语+宾补

He considers it a great honor to give a speech during the meeting. Who do you consider (to be) responsible for the accident? He is generally considered to have done the right thing.普遍认为她做的是对的

Consider yourself lucky you weren’t fired.真是万幸，你没被开除。

We consider Beijing ( to be / as ) the heart of our country. He is considered to have stolen the picture.

归纳：consider / regard / treat / think of / look on … as … 认为……，把…看作…

3)vt. 体谅，考虑到，顾及

( to think about sth ,especially the feelings of other people, and influenced by it when making a decision,ect.) You should consider other people before you act.应当考虑到别人（consider）

(4)vt 端详,注视

(to look carefully at sth/sb.)

He stood there, considering the girl. consideration n. considering prep. conj.考虑到，就…而言，鉴于

Considering his age, he is active. 就他的年龄而言，他很活跃。

was/ were able to 表示过去经过努力，成功地做了某事，表达一种结果。类似于succeeded in doing 或managed to do的含义。如：

He worked very hard, and was able to pass the examination.

他学习很努力，因而通过了考试。

考题: The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.

A. had to

B. would

C. could

D. was able to

解析：答案是D。此题意为“大火迅速在宾馆蔓延开，但人们都成功地逃出去了”，表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本题选D。

add

v.

1）~ sth (to sth) 添加，增加

( to put sth together with eth else so as to increase the size, number, amount,ect.) Shall I add your name to the list?

我把你的名字加到名单上，好吗？

Next add the flour. ~ A to B / ~ A and B together 加

( to put numbers or amounts to get a total.) Add 9 to the total.

在总数上加9。

If you add 5 and 5 together, you get 10.

5加5 得10。

~ sth (to sth)

补充说，又说

(to say sth more; to make a further remark;) I have nothing to add to my earlier statement.

我对先前说的话没什么要补充的。

“And don’t be late,”she added.

她补充说，“别迟到了！”

He added that he would return a week later.

他补充说他过一周就回来了。

2）add to sth

使(数量)增多，使（规模）扩大

(increase sth in size, amount,ect.) The bad weather added to our difficulties.

坏天气增加了我们的困难。

3）add sth up

加起来

Add up all the money I owe you.

把我欠你的钱加起来。

4）add up to sth

加起来等于，等于说

The numbers add up to exactly 100.

这些数加起来正好是100。

His long answer just adds up to a refusal.

他说那么多实际等于是拒绝。

5）add sth in 包括，把…加进去

Remember to add in the cost of drinks. 记住把饮料的钱加进去

remove

v. 1）~ sth/sb （from sth）

将某物或某人从某处移开，搬开，拿开，移动

（

to take sth/sb away from a place.）

He removed the mud from his shoes. Remove the vase from the table. He removed his hand from her shoulder.

他把放在她肩上的手移开了。

2）脱掉脱去（衣服等），摘下；

= (take off clothing ,ect. From body.) He refused to remove his shoes. You should remove your hat in the church.

在教堂里你应该脱帽。

He removed his glasses and rubbed his eyes.他摘下眼镜，揉了揉眼睛。

3) 搬家，迁移

= move They removed/moved into the new house. 4）免职，解除（职位等）( dismiss sb from the position or job.) This election removed the government from power. 这次选举使政府倒台了

That officer was removed from his position.

那位军官被免职了。

5）~ sth

消除（不愉快，污渍等），使消失去掉，（to get rid of sth unpleasant, dirty,ect. To make sth disappear.）

His name was removed from the list. to remove problems / difficulties / objections

解决问题，克服困难，消除反对意见异议

The news removed any doubts about the company’s future.

这个消息消除了人们对公司的未来的疑虑。

It was impossible to remove the stains from the tablecloth.

这些污渍不可能从桌布上除掉。

removal

n. 移动,调动,迁移,排除;免职

removal of an official

一位官员的免职

The factory announced its removal to another town. 这家工厂宣布迁往另一座城市。

less than少于

I used to earn less than a pound a week when I first started work. The whole house went up in smoke in less than an hour. less...than

较小的/地,较少的/地;不如

My husband worries about things less than I do. Getting out of bed in summer is less difficult than in winter. no less than 不少于；多达

The hamburgers should contain no less than 50% meat. He drank no less than ten bottles of beer.

短语

less than not less than=at (the) least no less than more than not more than=at (the) most no more than 符号

＜

≥

＝

＞

≤

＝

意义

少于

不少于，至少

和……一样，不少于（强调多）

多于；不仅仅

不多于，不超过，至多

不比…更

仅仅（强调少）

1）other than

except for除了…… I don’t know any French people other than you.

不not；不同，不同于different or differently from；

I never saw him to behave other than selfish.我从没见过他不自私

2）none other than正是，不是别的，竟然（强调出人意料的事或人）

His first customer is none other than Tom. 他的第一位客人竟然是Tom 3）no other than

a. 只有

b. 正是，就是( = the same as

wooden adj. (1)木制的，木头的(made of wood.) a wooden box (2)木头似的；死板的；呆板的；木纳的（not showing enough natural expression, emotion, movement.）

e.g. The act playing the father was too wooden. Wood n.

c. u. 木，木头，木材

wood=woods 林地，树林( an area of trees, smaller than a forest.)

a large wood一大片林地

a walk in the woods在林地里散步

-en后缀

(1)由……制成（构成的）；像……一样的（用在名词后构成形容词）

golden, woolen, earthen (2)使；使成为；变得（用于形容词之后构成动词）

blacken, sadden, broaden, widen

doubt 1)v 不能肯定，无把握，认为…未必可能to feel uncertain about sth; to feel sth is not true, will happen, etc. 怀疑，不信任

to not trust sb/sth, to not believe sb; [v +sth]

There seems no reason to doubt her words.

好象没有理由怀疑她的话。

[v +(that)]

I never doubted (that) he would come.

我确信他会来。

[v +wh-]

I doubt whether / if he will come.

我不敢肯定他来不来。

[v +sb]

I had no reason to doubt him.

我没有理由怀疑他。

I doubt whether/if…怀疑,不敢肯定

I doubt whether/if it’s true. I doubt whether the new one will be better.我不敢肯定这个新的是否会更好。

I don’t doubt that…确信，肯定…

I don’t doubt that you are honest. There seems no reason to doubt his words. 似乎没理由怀疑他的话。

I have no reason to doubt her. 我没有理由不相信他。

2）

n.

doubt + (about sth)/(that…)/(as to sth)/(wh-) There is some doubt about her honesty.

人们对她的诚实有些怀疑。

have some doubt as to his intention.

我有些怀疑他的意图。

There is no doubt that he is a kind person.

毫无疑问，他是个善良的人。

She had her doubts whether he was telling the truth.

她怀疑他没说真话。

There is no doubt that… / There is no doubt about sth. 毫无疑问…,确实

There is no doubt that he will come back. Your life is in danger. There is no doubt about it.

There is some doubt about the best way to do it.这件事怎么做才是最佳办法还有点认不准。

have no doubt that…/ have no doubt about sth. 毫无疑问，确实

I have no doubt that you deserve it.

have doubt whether（不可用if）…怀疑是否…

she had some doubts whether he would come. 词组：

1）without/beyond doubt 毫无疑问地,确实

（used when give your opinions and emphasizing the point that you are making）

2）no doubt

无疑，很可能，确实（used when you say sth is probable or is true）

No doubt she’ll call us when she gets there.她到那必定会给我们打电话。

He’s made some great movies. There’s no doubt about it. No doubt he means to help, but in fact he just gets in the way.

无疑他想帮忙，而实际上他是

3）Beyond(any) doubt 无疑，确实

（in a way to show that sth is completely certain）

The research shows beyond doubt that women survive men.这项调查确实表明女性的寿命比男性长。

It is beyond doubt that smoking is harmful to our health.

毫无疑问，吸烟有害健康。

4）be in doubt (to be uncertain) 拿不准，不肯定

His success is not in doubt.他的成功是确定无疑的

5）if (you are any)in doubt如果没把握，拿不准

If in doubt, wear black.如果你拿不准，就穿黑色的吧。

6）Have one’s doubts(about sth)（有理由）不信，对…持怀疑态度

It’s may be right. Personally, I have my doubts. 这也许行，但我个人持怀

疑态度。

(1). Do you doubt ________she will succeed? (2). I doubt ______________ he will keep his word. (3). I have no doubt _______ he will win the game. Keys: (1). that

(2). whether/if

(3). that wonder 1)想知道，琢磨, 想弄明白(to think about sth and try to decide what is true, what will happen, what you should do,ect.) Wonder + wh-/about sth I wonder who she is. 我不知道她是谁。

We are wondering about next April for our wedding.我们正打算下个四月结婚。

2）（礼貌时体温或请别人做事时说）不知您能否…（used as a polite way of asking a question or asking sb to do sth.）

I wonder if you can help me.不知你能帮我一下吗？

3）非常惊讶，感到诧异

( to be surprised by sth.) wonder （at/that…）

She wonder at her own stupidity.她没想到她竟会这么蠢。

I shouldn’t wonder you’re tired. You’ve had a busy day.你累了，我一点都不奇怪。你已经忙了一天了。

Wonder n.

no wonder (that) …

难怪…

It’s a wonder that he seems to know nothing about it.

No wonder that he didn’t want to go.

1）c.奇迹，奇观，奇妙之处，奇事；能人，奇才；（sth or a quality in sth that fills you with surprise and admiration.）

Taj Mahal is one of the eight wonders of the world. u. 惊异，惊叹( a feeling of surprise and admiration that you have when you see or experience sth beautiful, unusual, of expected.) He gazed down in wonder at the city spread below her.她服饰现在在她眼前的城市，惊叹不已。

2）(it’s) no/little/small wonder (that) 并不奇怪，不足为奇，难怪( it’s not surprising.) it’s a wonder (that)… 奇怪的是…(it’s surprising or strange.) in wonder 惊奇地

He looked at her in wonder. No wonder you’ve tired, you’re had a busy day.难怪你这么累，你已经忙了一天了。

It’s little wonder that she was so upset. 她心烦意乱，这不足为奇。

3）wonders will never cease. (spoken) 真是无奇不有，怪事何其多，太阳从西边从来了。

Wonderful 令人惊奇的，惊叹的；

It’s wonderful that he could do it so well. 精彩的，令人高兴的；

a wonderful view/opportunity 美好的精色，绝佳的机会

remain 保持；停留；剩下

(1)依然,保持：[v+adj / n / v-ed/ v-ing /that] to remain silent / standing / seated / motionless

保持沉默/站着/坐着/不动

Train fares are likely to remain unchanged.

火车费可能保持不变。

In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends.

尽管吵架了，但他们依然是最好的朋友。

I’m sorry you’re tired, but the fact remains that the job has to be done. 很遗憾你累了，不过事还得做。

(2)剩下：[vi+ (to do) ]

Very little of the house remained after the fire.

大火之后房子所剩无几。

There were only ten minutes remaining.

只剩下10分钟。

Much remains to be done.

很多事有待于做。

It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否对以后才能知晓。

(3)停留：

[vi + adv. / prep]

They remained in Mexico until June.

他们在墨西哥呆到了六月。

She left, but I remained behind.

她离开了，但我留了下来。

考例1. (2009四川) Please remain ______ until the plane has come to a complete stop.

A. to seat

B. to be seated

C. seating

D. seated 解析：答案是D。seat sb 意为“让某人坐下”，所以某人坐着即为

“(Sb) be seated”。

而remain同be一样也是系动词，所以后面也接seated。也可以把seated看作一个表状态的形容词“坐着的”。

remain 表示“依然，继续”，为系动词，后加名词，形容词或分词做表语。

考例2. With the ______ five dollars, she bought a pair of shoes for her daughter.

A. more

B. remaining

C. left

D. rest 解析：答案是B。remain表“剩下”为不及物动词，表主动不用被动，所以它的形容词形式为-ing. C选项的left 做后置定语。D项的rest为名词，可带of短语，不修饰名词。

more than的用法

①

“more than＋名词” 表示“多于……”、“不仅仅是” 如：

Modern science is more than a large amount of information. 现代科学

不仅仅是大量的信息。

Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too. 他不仅仅是讲师，他还是个作家。

②“more than＋数词”含“以上”或“不止”之意，如：

I have known David for more than 20 years.

③“More than＋形容词”等于“很”或“非常”的意思，如：

In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments. 做科学实验时，必须非常小心仪器。

I assure you I am more than glad to help you. 我保证我非常高兴帮你。

④在“more...than...”中，肯定“more”后面的而否定“than”后面的，约等于“是……而不是……”或“与其说是后者，不如说是前者”如：

Catherine is more lazy than stupid. 与其说凯瑟琳笨，不如说她懒。

Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened. 听到那声巨响，男孩很惊讶而不是害怕。

⑤“more than”或“more...than...”＋含“can”的分句时表示“否定意思”，如：

That's more than I can do. 这我做不了。

Don't bite off more than you can chew. 贪多嚼不烂。

Her joke went too far. It was more than I could put up with.

她的玩笑开得太过了，我受不了。

此外，“more than”也在一些惯用语中出现，如：

⑥More often than not（经常），people tend to pay attention to what they can take rather than what they can give.

⑦All of us are more than a little concerned about（非常关心）the current economic problems.

apart

adv. 1) （时，空）相隔，相距

separated by a distance of space or time; Their birthday is three days apart.他们的生日隔了三天。

Two houses stood two miles apart. 2）

分离，不在一起，分开

not together, separate(ly); take apart 拆开

The boy took the watch apart to see how it ran. tell …apart 把…区别开

I can’t tell the twins apart. 3）成碎片into pieces When his wife died, his world fell apart. 他万念俱灰了

4)除外，不包括在内

Lay/put/set …apart (for…) （为…）留下，存下…

She put some money apart for sickness. Tom apart, no one of them seems suitable for the job.除了Tom，谁也不适合这份工作。

5)

apart from 要不是，除…外

except for, other than, I’ve finished apart from the last questions. 除了最后一道题，我都答完了

Apart from music, he is interested in anything. You’ve got to help me. Apart from anything/everything else, you’ve my brother.你得帮我，除去别的不说，你是我兄弟。

Using language

trial 审判，审讯；

实验；be on trial

trial and error（the process of solving a problem by using various of methods until you find a method that is successful）

stand trial

trial run for sth.（对新事物的）初步试验，试行

a trial period 一段试用期

he’s on trial for murder.他因涉嫌谋杀罪而受审。

She will stand/go on a trial for fraud.她因涉嫌诈骗将受到审判。

Children learn to use computer programs by trial and error. 儿童们通过反复试验，不断摸索，学会运用计算机程序。

prove

(proved, proved) or (proved, proven)

1)vt. 证明

[~ sth (to sb) ] They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence. 他们希望这个新证据会证明她无罪。

Just give me a chance and I’ll prove it to you.

给我一个机会，我会证明给你看。

[~ (that)]

This proves (that) I was right.

这证明我是对的。

[~ wh-]

This proves what I have been saying for some time. 这证明了我一段时间以来所说的话。

[~

+宾语+ adj]

She was determined to prove him wrong. 她决心要证明他错了。

(2)系动词：证明是，显示是

[V+adj/n]

Perhaps this book will prove (to be) useful. 或许这本书会证明有用的。

On the long journey, he proved a good companion.在长途旅行中他显示出是个好旅伴。

[V +to be]

The promotion proved to be a turning point in his career. 这次提拔证明是他事业的转折点。

Their fears proved to be groundless. 他们的担心证明是无根据的。

[~ oneself (to be) n/adj]

He proved himself to be a good companion. 他显示自己是个好旅伴。

1.

In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe. 这是以“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语的简单句。这种疑问词+不定式结构可转化为名词性从句。

which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe = which eyewitnesses he should believe and which he should not believe. 这种结构在句中可作主语，宾语和表语。

When to start has not been decided. I don’t know whether to accept his invitation or not.

The question is how to carry out the plan. 2.

He / She only cares about whether the eyewitnesses …… , which must be facts rather than

opinions. 1) care about 在乎，在意，关心

She thinks only of herself, she doesn’t care about other people.

Don’t care about others’ words.

2)

rather than 而不是，与其说……不如说……

They were shouting rather than talking. I think I'll have a cold drink rather than coffee. 我想喝冷饮, 不想喝咖啡.

He is an artist rather than a writer.

I would die rather than give in to him. = I would rather die than give in to him. = I prefer to die rather than give in to him. 宁愿……也不……

3.

A week later I decided to go and see for myself. for oneself 亲自，为自己

I borrowed a book for Mary, and a dictionary for myself. 5.

Nor do I think they should give it to any government.

该句中由于把否定词nor放于句首，所以使用了部分倒装语序。

英语中当否定副词以及含有否定词的介词短语防于句首时，句子需用部分倒装。这样的副词及短语有：never , seldom , neither , nor , little , not, hardly , scarcely , rarely , in no time , by no means , in no way等。

Never shall I make such a mistake.

Seldom does she go out alone.

You haven’t finished your homework, neither have I.

6. What should you do with things you have found even if the search cost you time and money.

do with 在此处意为“处理，处置”，还可表示“应付，对付”，疑问句中应与what搭配使用。

deal with 也可表“对待，处理”，但在疑问句中与how搭配使用。另外，deal with还可还可表示“与…交易”。

What have you done with my pen? How have you done with my pen?

explode vi. The bomb exploded. The frework exploded in his hand. explode用于炸弹等“爆炸”；blow up用来指人（用炸药去）“炸毁”楼房等物体

They had planned to blow up the bridge but their bombs failed to explode. . sink

sunk, sunken是两种过去分词，作定语用sunken（沉没的）a sunken ship 沉船

sink into 陷入，沉到…里

Don’t let yourself sink into sadness. He entered and sank into a chair. think highly of = think much/well/the world of 看重，器重

think ill/poorly/badly/not much/little of 认为…不好,对…评价不高

He was not well thought of by his boss. We all think ill of the film. 我们都认为这部电影不怎么样

speak highly of 高度评价

speak well/ill of说…的好/ 坏话，称赞/贬损某人

All the teachers speak highly of him. It’s no good speaking ill of others.

debate

辩论，争论，讨论(a discussion or argument.) 1）n.

debate on/over/about sth have/hold a debate意为进行辩论。

be under debate意为在辩论中。

a warm/heated/lively debate 激烈的/热烈的讨论

A debate about safety is taking place in schools everywhere. The issue is still under debate. After a long debate, they reached an agreement finally. 2）v. debate sth (with sb)

; debate(with sb) on/about/over sth.

I don’t want to debate it with you. We debated on the question till late into the night. They debated the question openly. We're debating whether or not to go skiing this winter. （思考,盘算）

表示对某人或某物的看法，常用句型有：What do you think?

What would you say…?

What do you think of/about …?

How do you feel about …?

How do you like sth? What’s your idea/opinion of…?等。

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

一．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的概念

1.限制性定语从句：

限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where, why等，没有逗号把从句与先行词分开。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。例如：

Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?

Where is the book which I bought this morning?

2.非限制性定语从句：

非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that引导。例如：

This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.

English is an important subject, which every student should study well.

二. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

1. 从形式上看

限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连之间不用逗号隔开；

非限制性定语从句与先行词之间必须用逗号隔开。

Mr.Smith，who came to see me yesterday，is one of my best friends.昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。(非限制性定语从句) This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years. 这就是那位有30年教龄的老师。

你想见的那个人。(限制性定语从句) 2.

从意义上讲

限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；

而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍然完整；

Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year. 她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。(限制性定语从句，意思是她可能还有别的姐姐。)

Her sister，who teaches us English，will go abroad next year. 她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。(非限制性定语从句，对先行词her sister起到补充说明的作用，言外之意：她只有一个姐姐。) The old man has a son , who is in the army .

那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。

（非限定性定语从句是对son进行补充、说明。“这位老人只有一个儿子”

）

The old man has a son who is in the army .

“那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。（"这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作"，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作）

3. 从翻译方法来看，一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词，非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。例如：

This is the house which we bought last year. 这是我们去年买的那幢房子。（限制性）

This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet. 这封信是他父母写来的，他们在西藏工作。（非限制性） This is the house which we bought last month．这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house，which we bought last month，is very nice．这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 4.先行词不同

1）限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词；

非限制性定语从句的关系代词which既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。指代前面整句的含义时，定语从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数；

This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我看过的最好的小说。(先行词是novel) The novel，which I read last night，is very interesting. 这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。(先行词为novel) The novel is very interesting，which makes me very glad. 这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。(先行词为“The novel is very interesting”)

She heard the terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (which指代noise)

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。

(Which指代“他似乎没领会我的意思”这个句子。) 2）当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物时，用非限制性定语从句；

The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, goes around the earth. 先行词是人名、地名、国名、建筑物等专有名词时；

Yesterday he left America, where he had stayed for two years. 5. 从关系词的使用来看: 1) that，why不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。

非限：that——which；why——for which 在限制性定语从句中，用关系代词指物which, that; 指人who, whom, that;

whose既可用来指人也可用来指物；

This is the man(whom/who/that)we are talking about. 这就是我们正谈论的那个人

It’s a beautiful doll that/which I bought yesterday.

在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指人时用who，whom；指物时用which；whose既可用来指人也可用来指物；

I have told him them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting. Her son is very smart, which makes her happy. This is our headmaster，who I think has something important to tell you. 这是我们的校长，我认为他有一些重要事情要告诉你。

My elder sister has become a doctor，which I wanted to be. 我姐姐成了一名医生，我原来也想当医生的。

That is his room，whose window faces south. 那是他的房间，房间的窗户朝南。

引导限制性定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why;

引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when，where。当先行词指时间并且在定语从句中充当状语时用when；指地点并且在定语从句中充当状语时用where。

Can you tell me the reason why he was absent yesterday? 你能告诉我他昨天缺席的原因吗？

He left his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old. 他于1992年离开家乡，当时他只有12岁。

Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977. 卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里

2).关系词替代情况不同

在限制性定语从句中：whom作宾语时可用who替代；

在非限制性定语从句：whom作宾语时不能用who代替；

This is the boy whom/who I met at the theatre. The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress. 3) 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可省略（prep后不可）；

在非限制性定语从句中：所有关系词不可省略；

The house, which I bought last month, has got a beautiful garden. 那幢房子,我上个月买的,有一个漂亮的花园。

Jay Chou is a popular singer (whom/who) I like very much. 周杰伦使我很喜欢的一个歌手。

4) ask可引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句，有“正如，就像”之意。as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前，之中或之后，位置灵活。

例如：“我们都知道，吸烟有害健康”这句话可译成：

As we know, smoking is harmful to our health. Smoking, as we know, is harmful to our health. Smoking is harmful to our health, as is known to us all.

三．As 和Which 引导非限制性定语从句

二.as 和which的选择（非限中）

Same：都可以指代整个句子的内容，非限定语从句位于句末且as 或which作主语、宾语或表语时，常可互换。

He married her, as /which was natural. He is an old kind fisherman, as /which anybody can see.(宾语) Different：

(1)

如非限定语从句位于主句之前，只能用as。

As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month. Edison, as is known to all, invented the electric lamp. （2）as在从句中作主语，后面常+行为v的被动式

Which在从句中作主语，后面常+行为v的主动式

A big earthquke occurred in Sichuan last night, as was reported on TV. He passed the exam, which made his parents happy. (3) as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which引导的不受此限制。

Chang’e-1 has been launched successfully, as was expected. The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn’t expected. (4) as常用在一些固定结构中

As we know/ as is known to all/ as we all can see As is often the case 情况常常是这样

As might be imagined 可以想象得到

As might be expected 正如所预料的那样

As has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样

As has been said before/above 正如前文所述

As （it）

often happens 像往常一样

She has been absent again,

as （it）

often happens. （5）当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身（一个先行词）而不是主句时，不可用as代替which The dog, which we saw in the street yeaterday, is Mary’s. 四、exercises His dog became ill and died, which made hime very lonely. I haven’t seen such a lovely dog as is shown on the picture. 五、addition 先行词one/ ones/ anyone/those/he 后关系代词用who不用that。

One who is often late should be punished. The ones who are Anyone who is

Those who are He who is Ones 指复数的人

一、应避免用于下列情形：1.在表示所属关系的词后，除非这类词后有形容词：

This is my car and that’s my husbands. My cheap camera takes better pictures than his expensive one. 2.在两个形容词表示对比时

Compare British and American universities. 3.these 和

those之后

Do you prefer these designs or those? 二、用于which之后以区分单复数

Here are the designs. Which one(s) do you prefer? 三、ones 用于adj之后，指前文中未曾限定的人

It’s time the little ones were in bed.

Students who do well in tests are the ones who ask questions in class. Reading and writing Read the letter on page 7 from a German newspaper. Then write a reply to the letter Homework 1. Review the 11 key sentences in the Reading. Remember the words and sentences that we learnt this class. 2. Preview the new words and phrases in the next class.