Learning about Language第二课时 公开课

翼城中学高一英语导学案

时间：

周次：

编号：4-2-3 主编：张淼淼

审核：李小雷

课题：Grammar: Infinitive Verbs Target Leading Section Curriculum standards: Learn and master the new grammar item: Infinitive Verbs. Learning goals：

1.

Learn and master the new grammar item: Infinitive Verbs. 2.

Learn to use Infinitive Verbs correctly.

Learning important points: 1.

Know more about Infinitive Verbs. 2.

Use the knowledge of Infinitive Verbs to complete sentences. Teaching aids: a computer & a projector

Independent Learning Section Independent learning goals:

Know about the basic knowledge of Infinitive Verbs. Learning procedures:

Step1. 非谓语的含义及种类

在英语中，一句话只能有一个主谓结构，如果出现更多动词，则：

1) The teacher entered the classroom, ______ _________(carry) a book in his hand. ▼

加连词（and, but, so…）; 2) ________ the teacher entered the classroom, he carried a book in his hand. ▼

使用_____________; 3) The teacher entered the classroom, ___________ (carry) a book in his hand. ▼

变为非谓语动词。

在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。

非谓语动词有动词不定式(to do); 动名词(doing)；现在分词(doing)；过去分词(done)。

Step2. 非谓语动词时态和语态

非谓语动词

语态

主

动

被

动

时态

不定式

一般式

(to do) 进行式

to be doing

×

完成式

动名词/ 现在分词(doing)

过去分词

(done)

×

1

to have been done

having been done

一般式

完成式

表被动、完成

Step3. 非谓语动词的句法功能：(请在对应的方框内打√)

句子成分

非谓语动词

不定式

动名词

现在分词

过去分词

主语

表语

宾语

补语

定语

状语

Step4. 非谓语动词的否定

非谓语动词的否定形式一律在前面加_________. Puzzles:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inquiry-based learning Section Inquiry-based learning goals 1. Solve the problems with the help of the teacher; 2.Understand the basic rules of Infinitive Verbs.

Learning procedures:

Step1. 不定式

一、不定式的时态和语态

语态

时态

一般式

进行式

完成式

主动

to be doing

×

被

动

1. I believe him ________(be) an expert.

She decided ___________________late again. 她决定不再迟到了。

▼不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的_______或_______。

2. Robert is said __________________(study) abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.

据说罗伯特在国外学习过，但我不知道他是在哪国学习的。

The novel was said __________________________ (publish).

据说这部小说已经被出版了。

I am sorry _____________(keep) you waiting. (I am sorry that I have kept you waiting.)

对不起，让你久等了。(区别: I am sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.) ▼不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态_______。

3. He seems ________________(worry) about something. (= It seems that he is worrying about something.) 他似乎正在担心什么事。

They are said ________________(work) hard. (= Someone says they are working hard.)

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据说他们工作得很努力。

▼不定式的进行式表示的动作或状态，在谓语动词表示的动作或状态发生时____________。

4. The sports meeting ________________(hold) next week will be a success. ▼不定式的被动语态表示_________意义。

另：不定式的主动语态代替被动语态：

1）当不定式与最近的名词或代词有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词或代词有主谓关系。

我将给你一本书读。______________________________________________________

他没有什么东西可吃。____________________________________________________ 2) 主语+be（make/feel/…）+adj+不定式, 在本句型中的(性质)adj包括：easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, interesting, comfortable, soft, dangerous, safe, impossible, strange 等。

食物、水和电很难被取得。

__________________________________________________________(Book 1 Unit 4)

我告诉她(空气稀薄)呼吸会很困难。

___________________________________________________________(Book 1 Unit 3)

这个问题不容易回答。_____________________________________________________ 3) be to blame：___________________；be to let/rent________________. 二、不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，句中作_______、________、_________、_________、____________等。

1、作主语：动词不定式短语作主语时，常用_____作形式主语，例如：

在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。

_______________________________________________ is very hard.

= ________________________________________________________________

It作形式主语、不定式作真正主语的常用句型：

（1）It is + adj + for/of sb to do sth

在此句型中，当形容词对“事”进行评价，用for，常见的形容词有：important, (un)necessary, (im)possible, strange, natural, easy, nice，etc；当形容词对“人”进行评价，用of, 常见的形容词有：kind/good/nice, honest, brave, careful, careless, (un)fair, polite, rude, clever, (un)wise, silly, stupid, selfish, thoughtful, etc.

It is necessary _____ you to make an apology to him.

It is wise _____ you to make an apology to him.

（2）It + takes/needs/requires/costs sb sth to do sth

某人做某事花费/需要某事物

= It + takes/needs/requires/costs sth for sb to do sth. 完成这本字典花了我很多时间。______________________________________________ 2、作表语：常常说明或解释主语的内容，在很多情况下不定式做表语可转化为做主语。

Her job is to clean the hall.

= __________________________________________.

注意：当主语部分中有动词do的某种形式时（如：do, did, have/has/had done, to do等），作表语的不定式常省去to。例如：

The only thing I can do is wait and see.

* 不定式在系动词be 之后做表语与将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别。比较下面

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两个句子：

1）Our plan is to set up another middle school. ___________________________________ 2）We are to set up another middle school. _____________________________________

句子（1）的不定式是说明our plan的内容，属不定式做________，而句子（2）的不定式是主语we将要发出的动作，属于不定式结构表_________。

3、作宾语：

1) 一般来说，不定式只做动词的宾语，但介词except, but后可接不定式做宾语。例如：She wishes _______________________. (成为一名音乐家) Peter’s not going anywhere ____________________________. (除了工作) 【I have no choice but ____________ here. = I can do nothing but ________ here.

除了等待我别无选择。

介词except 和but 后不定式to 可省，记忆口诀：前有do (含do的其他形式), 后省to】

* 特别提示：某些动词后须跟不定式to do 做宾语: afford(有足够的金钱或时间做…）；agree（同意）；ask（要求做）；attempt（尝试、试图做）；

beg（恳求）；

choose（选择）；decide（决定）；demand（要求）；desire（希望）；determine（决定）；expect（期望）；fail（未能）；happen（碰巧）；help（帮助）；hope（希望）；learn（学习）；long（渴望）；manage（设法做好）；offer（提议）；pretend(假装)；prepare(准备)；promise（允诺）；refuse（拒绝）；remain（尚待）；seem （好象）；want（想要）；

wish（希望）

etc. * 某些结构后面接省to的不定式（即动词原形）：

would /had rather do, had better do, do nothing but do 2) 用____作形式宾语，而把真正的不定式结构放在句末。常用动词有：find, make, think, consider, feel, suppose 等。

我们感觉让我们的国家成为一个更好的地方是我们的责任。

_________________________________________________________________________ 3) 有些动词后可用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语，常用的动词有：decide, discover, forget. inquire, know, learn, see, think, wonder, etc. 我们不知道该去哪儿。_____________________________________________________ 4、作宾语补足语：

1）可接不定式做宾补的动词有：advise；allow；ask；beg；cause；choose；consider；drive；encourage；enable；expect；forbid；force；get；help；invite；intend；order；permit；persuade；request（请求）；require；remind；teach；tell；want；warn；wish；think；etc 老师建议我们先休息一下。_________________________________________________ 2）动词let, have, make, notice, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, look at, help等后用省to的不定式（即：动词原形）做宾补，如改为被动语态，省掉的to 要还原。

例如：

昨晚我听见玛丽唱歌。__________________________________________

→

___________________________________________________________ 【省to不定式作宾补的记忆口诀

省to宾补有十一，五看二听三使役；

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一个帮助两均可，还有一个是感觉。

如若主动变被动，小to一定要带齐。】

3) think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, imagine, take 等动词接不定式做宾补，但这个不定式多为to be +adj/ adv/ n We thought him _________a naughty boy. He felt the plan _________practical. 4）介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：

With a lot of work ____________(do), he didn’t go to the cinema.

5、作定语：不定式做定语须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面，而且它所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的时间之______。

He said he had an important meeting

___________(attend).

【注：如果这个不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后面要加必要的介词。

I have a house to live _____.

Please give me a knife to cut ________.】

另：当名词或代词被序数词、最高级, 以及only, last等词修饰时，其后用不定式作定语。

他是第一个算出这个问题的人。_____________________________________________ 她是唯一了解真相的人。____________________________________________________ 6. 作状语: 不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。

1)

跟在某些表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词后面表原因。

I’m sorry ___________________(trouble) you. He was surprised _______________(learn) how much she’d spent. 2) 做目的状语，既可放于句首，也可置于句末；为加强语气，也可用“so as to do（只能放在_______）”或“in order to do（可放在________或_________）”表目的。

Many farmers fertilize their crops _____________(make) them grow more quickly. 3)

做结果状语。通常置于谓语动词后面，所表示的行为通常发生在谓语动词之____。

▼不定式短语表示结果时，常与only, never连用，暗示一种意外的结果，“意想不到，不料”。

They hurried there only ___________(find) the meeting canceled. They were sent to Iraq, never ______________(come) back to America.

▼不定式做结果状语常用于以下结构。

so + adj /adv + as to…

such + n + as to…

too…to…

enough…to…

My son is old enough __________________________(独自上学). Would you be so kind ____________________________________(早点回复我)? 注：在有些句子中，too…to…

可表示肯定含义。

▼too 前有only, never, not, all, but , just, simply时表“非常”。

I’m only too glad to see you. ____________________________________ ▼too后接easy, happy, really, willing, glad, surprise, eager, anxious等表示心情或描述性的形容词时，

This book is too easy to understand. ___________________________________________

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三、不定式的注意事项：

1. 不定式符号to 保留问题

有时为了避免重复，可只保留to，而将to后的内容省略。这种情况常出现在下列动词之后, 如：expect/ hope/ wish/ mean/ prefer/ forget/ want/ try/ plan/ hate…后或出现在be glad/ happy/ would like/ love等的后面。例如：

--Would you like to have some coffee ?

--Yes, _______________________. 但是如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been,这些词要保留。例如：

A) My father wanted me to be a lawyer, but I didn’t want _____________. B) --I didn’t tell him the news.

--Oh, you ought __________________. 2. 不定式在句中作为独立成分

有时不定式在句中作为独立成分出现，常把它们作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。

To tell ( speak, say) the truth (说真的) let alone （更不用说）

To make a long story short（长话短说）

strange to say（说也奇怪）

To be brief

（简而言之）

to be exact（确切的说）

To say nothing of （更不必说）

to begin/start with（首先）

Not to speak of…（更不必说）

to make things worse（更糟的是）

Not to mention…（更不必提）

to be honest （说实话）

Step2. 动名词：

一、动名词的时态和语态

语态

主动

时态

一般式

完成式

被

动

1. They began __________(sing) just now.

She dreams of ____________(become) a teacher. ▼

动名词的一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作的________或________。

2. He was praised for ______________(do) a good deed.

_______________________her work in time, the boss fired her.(没能及时完成工作) ▼

动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作___________。

3. He remembers _______________(take) to Beijing at the age of ten.

We were all excited for _________________(praise). ▼

动名词的被动语态表示___________的意义。

二、动名词具有名词特征，在句中作______、_______、________、_______等成分。

1、作主语：动名词做主语表示普通的、一般的行为；不定式表具体某次行为。

____________________(大声读) is very helpful.

__________________________________(在十分钟内完成这项工作) is very hard.

当动名词短语作主语时常用______作形式主语，常用句型有：

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It’s no use /useless / no good + doing;

It is a waste of time/money/… + doing

2、作表语：常常说明或解释主语的内容，在很多情况下动名词做表语可转化为做主语。例如：

In the ant city, the queen’s job is _____________(产卵).

= _________________________________________________________ ▼动名词做表语与进行时态的区别：前者表主语的内容，后者表正在进行的动作。比较以下两句：

The task of this class is practicing these idioms._____________________ With the help of the teacher, the students are practicing these idioms.______________ 3、作宾语：动名词既可作动词宾语也可以做介词宾语，此外若有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it。

They haven’t finished _____________(finish) the dam.

We have to prevent the air from _____________________(pollute).

We found ____ no good __________________________________________(嘲笑他人).

▼

只能接动名词作宾语的动词：

建议停止享受--想象完成逃跑

(suggest，advise，stop，resist，enjoy，imagine，finish，escape)

承认借口--推迟实践

(admit，excuse，delay，practise)

认为应该保持头脑清醒--懂得避免冒险

(consider，keep，mind，understand，avoid，miss，risk)

另外还有几个短语：

succeed in，be busy，be worth，give up，look forward to, feel like, object to, pay attention to, be used to, be accustomed to, be addicted to, stick to, adapt to, devote… to, contribute to, refer to, lead to, turn to, get down to…

▼

在forget, remember, regret, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done. Remember ___________(write) to us when you get there. 到那里，记得给我们写信。

I don’t remember _____________________(meet) him. 我不记得见过他。

I regret ____________(tell) you that I can’t go to your birthday party. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。

They regretted ____________________(agree) to the plan. 他们后悔同意这个计划。

注意：

stop doing：

____________________

stop to do：

________________________ try doing: _____________________ try to do: _______________________ go on doing: ___________________ go on to do: ____________________________ can't help (to) do: _____________________ can't help doing: _____________________ ▼need, want, require, be worth后的动名词宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。

这台机器需要被修理一下。_________________________________________________ 这本英语小说值得一读。___________________________________________________ 4、作定语：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途和性能，置于名词前。

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He can’t walk without a walking-stick.( = a stick for walking) 洗衣机_______________________;

游泳池__________________________; 藏身处_______________________;

卧铺车__________________________; 候车/诊室_____________________;

更衣室___________________________ 三、动名词的复合结构(动名词前面带上自己的逻辑主语)

物主代词(his, my)

人称代词宾格(him, me)

名词所有格(Tom's)

+ 动名词

名词普通格(Tom) 你介意我在这儿抽烟吗？___________________________________________________ 我坚持要我丈夫付账单。_____________________________________________________ Step3. 现在分词：

一、现在分词的时态和语态

现在分词

及物动词

语态

时态

主

动

一般式

完成式

不及物动词

被

动

主

动

被

动

×

×

1. One day he saw a boy ___________(play) on the tracks.

They came in _________(talk) and ____________(laugh).

_______________(不知道) his address, I had some difficulty in finding his house. ▼

现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作__________或___________。

2. _________________ (clean) the desks, we began reading.

________________________(surround) for a month, the enemy had to give in.

_____________________(没收到) his letter for a long time, she felt a little worried. ▼

现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作___________。

3. The building _________________(build) now will be our school library.

____________________(invite) by the students, he gave them a talk on history. ▼

现在分词除使用主动语态外，还可使用_________语态，主动语态表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的_______者；被动语态表示其逻辑主语是分词动作的________者。

二、现在分词具有形容词、副词性质，在句中作__________、___________、____________、____________等成分。

1、

作定语：单个分词做定语时，放在所修饰的名词_____；分词短语做定语，放在所修饰的名词_____。分词做定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能。

He rushed into _______________(正在燃烧的房子). = the house which was burning The child ________________(站在那儿) is my brother. = who is standing over there

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▼

动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：前者说明所修饰名词的用途和性能；后者表示所修饰名词进行的动作。

a sleeping car（= a car for sleeping）"_______________"，__________做定语

a sleeping man（= a man who is sleeping）"________________"，__________做定语

2、作表语：

What she said was ______________(puzzle). There was an _____________(excite) look on his face when the actress appeared.

3、作宾语补足语：

常跟现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, feel, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等，例如:

Can you hear her ___________(sing) the song in the next door?

He kept the car ____________(wait) at the gate.

4、作状语

(1) _________状语：

(While) working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. (2) _________状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. (3) _________状语(表伴随)：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. (4) _________状语：

Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

(5) _________状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. (6) _________状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. (7)_____________结构：All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.

Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises.

三、一些现在分词短语独立存在，无自己的逻辑主语，已成为固定用语：

generally speaking: 一般来说；

strictly/honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly speaking: 严格地/诚实地/坦白地/粗略地/泛泛地说; considering: 考虑到…; judging from/by: 根据…判断; putting it mildly: 说得温和一些; taking all/everything into consideration: 从各方面考虑

Step4. 过去分词：

一、过去分词具有形容词、副词性质，在句中作_________、_________、_________、______________等成分。

1、作定语：单个分词做定语时，放在所修饰的名词____；分词短语做定语，放在所修饰的名词____。分词做定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能。

Our class went on an ____________ (organize) trip last Monday.

Our class went on an trip ____________ (organize) by our school last Monday.

2、作表语

The were ____________(frighten) at the sad sight. 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。

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区别：

The window is broken.（本句是________________）

The window was broken by the boy.（本句是________________）

有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示动作已完成。区别：

boiled water（______________）

boiling water（________________）;

fallen leaves（_______________）

falling leaves（________________）; developing countries（______________）developed countries（_______________）; the changed world（_______________）

the changing world（_______________）; 这类过去分词还有：gone, come, returned, passed等。

3、作宾语补足语：

I heard the song _______(sing) several times last week.

* 用括号里词的正确形式填空并注意非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别：

(1). We are pleased to see the problem_____________ (settle) so quickly. We are pleased to see the boy _______________(settle) the problem so quickly.

(2). When I passed by the school, I found him ___________(play) basketball.

I came here to watch him ____________ (play) basketball. (3). I can make you___________(understand) what I say, but you can’t make yourself ____________ (understand) in English. (4). Though he had often made his little sister ________(cry), today he was made _________ (cry) by his little sister. 4、过去分词作状语：

（1）_______状语：Once seen, it can never be forgotten. （2）_______状语：

Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. （3）_______状语：Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better.

（4）_______状语：Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

（5）_______状语：Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.

（6）______________结构：All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.

二、现在分词与过去分词

1. 区别：

the exciting news:___________________ the excited people:______________________ a moving film:______________________ the moved students:_____________________

I heard someone __________(close) the door.

I heard the door __________(close). ▼

现在分词往往表示___动，它所修饰的人或物是分词动作的_______者；及物动词的过去分词则常常表示___动意义，它所修饰的人或物是分词动作的________者。

2. 区别：

exciting______________

excited_______________; encouraging_____________

encouraged________________; frightening_____________

frightened______________;

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pleasing________________

pleased_______________; disappointing______________

disappointed_______________;

moving _____________

moved______________; satisfying______________

satisfied________________;

surprising_______________

surprised_______________; amusing_______________

amused_______________;

tiring_________________

tired_________________; puzzling______________

puzzled________________;

interesting_______________

interested________________ ▼英语中很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词含有____动意义，表示“令人…的”，常用来修饰物、人的表情、眼神、声音等；其过去分词含有____动意义，表示“感到…的”，常用来形容人。

三、过去分词的注意事项：

1. I found him__________(seat) at the back of the classroom.(= I found him sitting…)

__________(dress) in white, she looked like a fairy.(= Wearing white clothes, …)

__________(lose) in the forest, he had to find his way out first. 2.________(face) with difficulties, we’ll never give in.

________(face) difficulties, we’ll never give in. ▼

有些及物动词的过去分词被动意义并不强，表示的主要是一种状态或结果。

Step5. 独立主格结构：

非谓语动词

(to do / doing / done)

名词

/ 代词

+

adj / adv / 介词(短语)

独立主格结构为独立的短语，而非句子，相当于一个状语从句，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况。

It was so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some _________(measure) over 90 metres. (Book 3. Unit 5)

The meeting ______(会议结束), they left the hall.

Nobody ________(come) tomorrow, the party has to be put off.

More time__________(give), we can finish the work.

Mary entered the room, his hands _____________________(手在口袋里)

My watch _________________(lose), I didn't know what time it was.

Mother ________(be) ill in bed, she couldn't go to work.

▼

有时表示伴随、原因等的独立主格结构前可以加上with或without构成with 复合结构：

_______________________, he fell asleep.（灯开着）

She sat still in the chair, __________________________________. (双眼紧闭)

______________________________, they went out to play. (完成了工作)

Consolidation and extension

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【对比练习】：用所给动词适当形式填空。

1.

1) We are discussing the hospital _____________(build) in the 19th century. 2) We are discussing the hospital _______________ (build) next year. 3) We are discussing the hospital _______________ (build) now. 2. 1)With winter ______ __ (come) on, it's time to buy warm clothes.

2 ) As winter ________(come) on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.

3 )With the money

__ (lose), he couldn't buy any ticket. 3.1)

_________

(give) a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.

2)__

_________

_(give) a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness soon. 4. 1) He doesn't do anything but __________ ( play ) all day.

2) We have no choice but __________. ( obey )

5. 1) When he heard the news , he couldn't help ___________ (jump) with joy.

2) I couldn't help ______________ ( strike ) by the beauty of nature.

3) Sorry, I can't help _____________ ( do ) the housework today.

6.1)Smoking means ___________(kill) yourself with your own hands．

2)I’m sorry? but I didn’t mean ________________ (hurt) you．

7. 1)We don’t allow _________ (smoke) in the reading room.

2)We don’t allow them ___________ (smoke) in the reading room. 8.1) __________(work) hard and you’ll make rapid progress in your English learning. 2) ___________(work) hard, you’ll make rapid progress in your English learning. 9. 1)In the ___________(come) week we’ll have another exam. 2)In the week ___________(come), we’ll have another exam. 10. 1) Most of us went to see her, ____________ (include) some girls. 2 )Most of us went to see her, some girls ___________ (include). Homework: 1. Elementary exercises:

Understand all the rules of the grammar points. 2. Improving exercises:

Remember the points in the paper. 3. Challenging exercises:

Summarize the points of the grammar by yourself.

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