Learning about Language教学设计模板

Period 2

Learning about Language (The attributive clause < where, when, why, pre. ＋which/ whom>) Introduction In this period students will be helped by the teacher first to discover useful words and expressions, and then to discover and use useful structures: The attributive clause < II> < where, when, why, pre.＋which/ whom> Objectives ■

To help students learn to use attributive clauses introduced by where, when, why, and prep.+ which/ whom ■

To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions ■

To help students discover and learn to use some useful structures Procedures 1.

Warming up by describing yourself with three words Use three positive words that describe you. Don't use short, tall, fat, skinny, etc. Don't describe how you look. Use friendly, energetic, positive, something like that. But make sure you can back it up. If you aren't a friendly person, don't put friendly. Don't tell them you are not, but don't put it if you aren't. Others’ answers:

ethical, empathetic and diligent; flexible, self-motivated, reliable; hardworking, ambitious and optimistic; honest, Confident, Team player

Now turn to page 36 and do exercises No. 1 and 2. Check your answers against your classmates’.

2. Reading to finding Turn back to page 34. Read the text of ELIAS’ STORY and find out all the attributive clauses. Think over this question: On what circumstance do we use when/ where/ why to introduce an attributive clause?

For reference:

The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.

The school where I studied only tow years was three kilometers away. This was a time when you had got to live in Beijing. The day when Nelson Mandela told me what to do and helped me was one of the happiest days of my life. We have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. The parts of town where they lived were places decided by white people. The places where they were sent to live were the poorest areas in South Africa. 3. Doing exercises and find out why

Turn to page 36. Do Ex.3. Then compare the following sentences and find out why we use different words to introduce the attributive clauses while the antecedents are the same. a.

The government building where we voted was very grand. b.

The government building which/ that we paid a visit to yesterday was very grand. c.

The government building in which we voted was very grand. In sentence a), a relative adverb “where” is used because it refers to “in the government building” which serves as the adverbial in the attributive clause. “in which” can also be used as in sentence

c) because it also means “in the government building” in the attributive clause. While in sentence b), a relative pronoun “which” is used as it refers to “the government building” which serves as the object of the predicate “visited” in the attributive clause.

Compare another three sentences: a.

The date when I arrived was the 5th August. b.

The date which/ that he told me was the 5th August. c.

The date on which I arrived was the 5th August. In sentence a), a relative adverb “when” is used because it refers to “on that date” which serves as the adverbial in the attributive clause. “in which” can also be used as in sentence

c) because it also means “on that date” in the attributive clause. While in sentence b), a relative pronoun “which” is used as it refers to “the date” serving as the object of the predicate “told” in the attributive clause. Read the following sentences. a.

The reason why I got a job was because of my hard work. b.

The reason that/ which he gave for getting the job was because of his hard work.

c.

The reason for which I got a job was because of my hard work. In sentence a), a relative adverb “why” is used because it refers to “for this reason” which serves as the adverbial in the attributive clause. “for which” can also be used as in sentence c) because it also means “for this reason” in the attributive clause. While in sentence b), a relative pronoun “which/that” is used as it refers to “the reason” serving as the object of the predicate “gave” in the attributive clause. 4. Choosing the best answer 1. Alec asked the policeman __________ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. （2004上海秋季）

A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom 2. American women usually identify their best friend as someone __________ they can talk frequently. (2004全国秋季) A. who

B. as C. about which D. with whom 3. The English play __________ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.

A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 4. A fast food restaurant is the place __________, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. （2004上海春季）

A. which B. where C. there

D. what 5. If a shop has chairs __________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. （2005上海秋季）

A. that B. which C. when D. where 6. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.（2001上海秋季）

A. where B. which C. while D. why 7. I can think of many cases __________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay. （2003上海秋季）

A. why B. which C. as D. where 答案和解析:

1、2两题的答案分别是C、D。第一句根据句子意思需选择介词with，从而构成work with the

policeman；第二句根据句子意思需选择介词with，从而构成talk with someone。这两句句子中的关系代词作定语从句中的介词with的宾语，指人，而介词with又位于它的前面，这时就只能用whom。3题答案是C。根据句子意思需选择介词in，从而构成act in the play。关系代词在此是指play，指物，因此选择in which。注意：如果定语从句谓语动词为介词动词，那么介词必须后置，不能与动词拆开置于关系代词前面。如：It is not necessary to look up in a dictionary every word (that) we come across in our reading. The boy won’t tell us the thing (which) he is afraid of. 4题答案是B。这是一句限制性定语从句，关系副词指代in a fast food restaurant，指地点，因此选择where。5题答案是D。这里的关系副词指代on chairs，指地点，因此选择where。6题答案是A。根据句意“他使得自己处于非常危险的境况中，（在这个境况中）他可能失去对飞机的控制”，所选择的关联词应该在定语从句中作地点状语，表示in the situation。7题答案是D。定语从句的先行词cases在此意为“实例，情况”，根据从句的意思“在这些例子中（情境中）……”，先行词在从句中应该担当状语成分，表示in many cases。注意：where这个词不仅仅可以表地点，某人/物的情况、某事发展的阶段、某事的某个方面都可以用where这个关系副词来表达。如：I work in a business where almost everyone is waiting for a great success. The accident had reached to a point where both their parents were to be called in.

5. Summing up when/where/why attributive clauses

when，

where，

why属于关系副词，都在其引导的定语从句中充当状语，其具体用法如下：1. 关系副词

when引导定语从句（包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）修饰表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中充当时间状语。例如：I still remember the day when I first met Jennifer.我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下个月即将来临，

届时你们将在家乡度暑假。

2. 关系副词where引导定语从句（包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）修饰表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中充当地点状语。例如：This is the office where he worked. 这就是他工作过的办公室。She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去定居，在那里她有几个密友。3. 关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如：I don’t know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。That is the reason why I don’t want to go. 那就是我不想去的理由。He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset.他没有告诉我他为什么那样心烦意乱。注意：

关

系代词与关系副词之间并非毫无关联，

两者之间存在密切的联系。在备考中尤其要注意以下几点：1. 很多情况下关系副词用“介词＋which/whom”来代替，其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定，例如：The day when I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. = The day on which I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life.见到这位著名歌星的那天是我一生中最重要的日子。I shall never forget those years when I lived with her. = I shall never forget those years during which I lived with her. 我将永远不会忘记我跟她生活的那些岁月。This is a hall where the medical conference will be held. = This is a hall in which the medical conference will be held. 这是礼堂，医学会议将在此召开。2. 并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句，若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时，需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。例如：Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 你还记得我们一起在学校度过的那些日子吗？先行词the days表时间，但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语，因此不能用when而应该用which或that。3. that有时可以代替定语从句中的关系副词when，

where，

why，且that常可以省略，例如：This is the time （when/that）

he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。

6. Closing down by summing up

To end this period let sum up what we learned about the attributive Clause < where, when, why, pre.＋which/ whom> Antecedent

people Relative who

that whom things time which

that which

that

when

prep.+ which place

which

that

where

prep.+ which reason why

prep.+ which Subject

object adverbial adverbial Sentence element subject

object object subject

object Subject

object adverbial Note: relatives can be omitted if they serve as the objects in the attributive clauses.