Warming up、Pre-reading、Reading、Comprehending教学目标设计

Period 2 Reading

SAILING THE OCEANS

Teaching Aims

1. Target language

voyage mercy minimum nowhere pole overhead offshore accelerate outward longitude latitude precise simplify portable shortcoming updated tendency reliable

at the mercy of, even though, work out, be used to, in relation to, aim to , …

2. Learning ability goals

Train the students’ reading ability.

Let the students have some knowledge of early navigational methods.

Explain how seamen explored the oceans and what kind of navigational instruments

were used to sailors before the 17th century when they were navigating the open seas without seeing the land.

Teaching Important & Difficult Points

1. How to help the students understand the reading passage better.

2. How to improve the students’ reading ability.

Teaching Methods

1. Scanning the text to get the general idea of it.

2. Carefully reading to finish the Comprehending exercises on page 14.

3. Discussion after reading to make the students understand the text better.

Teaching Aids

The multimedia; a tape recorder; the blackboard

Teaching Procedures

Step1 Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step2 Revision

Check the homework exercises. Step3 Pre-reading

1. What are navigational instruments? Navigational instruments were built in the age of exploration to guide the explorers to their destinations.

navigational instrument - an instrument used for navigating

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artificial horizon, flight indicator, gyro horizon—a navigational instrument based on a gyroscope; provides an artificial horizon for the pilot

compass—navigational instrument for finding directions

depth finder—navigational instrument used to measure the depth of a body of water (as by ultrasound or radar)

inclinometer—an instrument showing the angle that an aircraft makes with the horizon

instrument—a device that requires skill for proper use

asdic(潜艇探测器), echo sounder, sonar—a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return; sonar is an acronym for sound navigation ranging;

Asdic is an acronym for anti-submarine detection investigation committee

2. Look at the pictures. Then answer the questions. 1)How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?

Kept close to the shore, used nature such as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them, and

used some of the instruments including a compass, astrolabe, etc.

2)Which do you think was easier to work out: latitude or longitude? Latitude, because it was used to measure how far you had travelled from land on a straight line. It was discovered a long time before longitude.

3. Show the students some pictures to see if they can identify the early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they used. 1) Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used?

compass a bearing circle

astrolabe sextant

nautical charts 2) How do they work? a bearing circle: the first instrument to measure the sun’s position and the sun’s shadow

an astrolabe:

a special tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars

a quadrant: measure how high stars were above the horizon

a sextant: an updated navigational instrument to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship

a nautical/sea chart: a map of the depth of the sea and the currents of the oceans. They provide modern sailors with routes through the seas, rather like roads through the countryside. The information began to be collected in the nineteenth century and has continued to be updated ever since.

4. Which ones do you think are still used today? Sea charts are still used today.

Step 4 Reading

1. Read about what navigation was like before modern instruments were used. After listening to the contents of the text complete the chart below.

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Type SAILING THE OCEANS ■Using nature to help

●Keeping alongside the coastline

●Using celestial bodies: North Star; Sun; Clouds

●Using wildlife: Seaweed; Birds

●Using the weather: Fog; Winds

●Using the sea

exposition

■Using navigational instruments to help

●Finding longitude

●Finding latitude: The Bearing Circle; The Astrolabe; The Quadrant; The sextant

2. Comprehension questions

1. What is the main topic of this passage?

A. The voyages of the travelers before the 17th century

B. How to plot a ship’s position on a map

C. How did ancient men navigate so well

D. Use nature to aid navigation

2. Ancient navigators use navigational instruments to help them

A. find celestial bodies. B. predict the weather. C. explore the sea. D. find latitude

3. The author of the passage implies that the ancient navigators were

A. hard-working. B. brave. C. intelligent. D. energetic

4. According to the passage, _________.

A. the ancient accomplished navigators were able to use South Star to plot their positions．

B. Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen．

C. Wise seamen used the snows to direct their sailing．

D. The sextant proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments．

(Key: BDCB )

3. Read the passage (Reading) and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. An early method of calculating longitude was to use a knotted rope tied to a log.

2. The astrolabe was the first instrument to measure the sun’s position.

3. The quadrant was more precise and simplified than the astrolabe, but still had its shortcoming.

4. Up till now, the most accurate and reliable navigational instrument is the sextant.

5. The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are different kinds of navigational instruments and they have nothing to do with each other.

(Key: TFTFF )

4. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? (B)

What is the use of a compass? (A)

A. to set the course of the ship B. to measure the position of the ship

C. to measure the speed of the ship D. to tell the time

2. Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship?

Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you know your direction, speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.

3. Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude?

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The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because they are fixed points in the sky and their movements in relation to the earth are already known. So they can be used to measure a ship’s position.

5. Use the information to analyze the navigational skills and write the answers in your own words.

Using nature

1. To find the ship’s position at sea a sailor use

the North Star and the sun.

2. A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning home in the evening or fog

3. Sailors used sea currents or tides and winds to increase their speed.

Using instruments

4. There were two methods to find longitude:

1). measuring time and speed

2). compass and complicated mathematical tables

5 Write down the working principles of the following instruments:

Bearing circle: to compare the height of the sun now with the position of the sun at midday.

Astrolabe: to compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun

Quadrant: a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above the horizon, and compare that measurement with previous measurements (using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position)

Sextant: an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ship's position).

Step5 Discussion

1. Suppose your were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups. 1. What skills would you seek in your sailors? The sailors would need to be excellent navigators, able to cope with both hot and cold weather, experienced in sailing through very bad weather and able to co-operate in a team.

2. What problems would you anticipate for this journey? I would anticipate very hot weather (around the equator), cold weather (around Cape of Good Hope), very stormy seas (around the Cape), and problems with food and water, etc.

2. What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage? What would you do if:

Plan of action

You were far from land and a wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position storm arose. and return to your original course

You knew your latitude but use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate didn’t know your longitude.

longitude

You were blown off-course. use the compass and the astrolabe, quadrant or sextant to find out your position, return to your former course.

You were offshore but you follow nesting birds to shore; look for special cloud needed more food and water. formations or fog over streams to find land

You wanted to keep a straight use a compass; follow the north star which is at its highest

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course. position in the sky, but along the horizon at the equator.

You were lost with no land in measure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea sight. birds, cloud formations, fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby

3. Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people. You have a small box for your personal things but it can only hole ten items. What would you need for a week’s journey across the North Sea to England? Suggested Answer: Category

Clothes Hygiene Bedding Games Items

shirt, trousers

soap

blanket

cards, chess

Category

Shoes Tools Medicines Books Items

waterproof boots

knife, scissors

sea-sick tablets, cold medicine

novels, essay collections

Step 6 Summary

This reading explains how seamen explored the oceans and what kind of navigational instruments were used to sailors before the seventeenth century when they were navigating the open seas without seeing the land. Complete the summary of the story with one word in each blank.

While sailing the _1_ we may make use of both the nature _2_ the navigational instruments to help.

By making use of the _3_ to help, it is meant that we could either _4_ alongside the coastline, _5_ use celestial bodies like the north star, the sun and the clouds, _6_ use wildlife such as seaweed, birds, _7_ use the weather such as fog and winds, _8_ use the sea.

By using _9_ instruments to help it is meant _10_ we could manage to sail either by finding longitude _11_ by finding latitude by means of the Bearing Circle, the Astrolabe, the Quadrant _12_ the Sextant.

(Key: 1.oceans 2.and 3.nature 4.keep 5.or 6.or 7.or 8.or 9.navigational 10.that 11.or 12.and)

Step 7 Extensive reading

Closing down by reading more about sailing the oceans

Sailing the oceans

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For thousands of years, people have been sailing across the oceans and around the world. Knowledge of ocean currents and wind patterns has allowed people to reliably reach their destinations even after crossing huge expanses of open ocean. In this photograph, a sailboat uses wind and currents to move among the islands of Micronesia. Before modern navigational techniques were developed, navigators in the South Pacific relied on stick charts to indicate island locations relative to winds and currents. Today, racing sailboats is a sport, and teams test their skills by racing around the world. Navigation now relies on satellites, but knowledge of wind patterns, ocean currents, and potential obstacles in unfamiliar waters is still essential for sailing. In this investigation, you'll plot a course for racing around the world in a sailboat. You'll explore some of the obstacles you might encounter on your route; then you'll have the opportunity to revise your route to improve your speed. Step 8 Homework

1. Finish the exercises about using words and expression on page61. 2. Copying useful expressions and making sentences

You are going to copy in your notebook all the useful expressions and make sentences of your own with them.

sail the oceans, explore the oceans, plot a ship's position on a map, the voyages of travelers, before the 17th century, at the mercy of…, have modern navigational aids, read these pages from an encyclopedia

use nature to help, keep alongside the coastline, seem to have been…, the first and most useful form of exploration, carry the minimum amount of risk

use celestial bodies, North Star, at the North Pole, at its highest position in the sky, at the equator, along the horizon, accomplished navigators, be able to use…to plot their positions, on a clear day, during the summer, use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by, use the height of the sun to work out their latitude, observe the clouds over islands, a special cloud formation, land close by

use wildlife, see seaweed in the sea, tell…by the colour and smell, flesh and smelled strongly，close to land, use sea birds to show the way to land, in the evening, nesting birds, return to land and their nests, follow the birds to land, in the open sea

use weather, gather at sea, as well as over streams or rivers, identify the position of a stream or river, close to land, use the winds to direct one’s sailing, accelerate the speed, observe the winds, before and during one’s outward or return journeys．

use the sea, carry ships to their destination, explore the seas, discover new lands, increase their ability to navigate new seas, use instruments

use navigational instruments to help…, find longitude, secure method of measuring longitude,

solve this theoretical problem, move westwards, 15 degrees every hour, method of calculating longitude, use speed and time, method of measuring speed, tie to…, over the side of the ship,

throw…into…, advance through the water, pass through…, during a fixed period of time, give the speed of…, in nautical miles per hour, use the compass, use complicated mathematical tables, have a special magnetic pointer, indicate the North Pole, find the direction, in this way, set a straight course, in the middle of the ocean．

find latitude, the Bearing Circle, measure the sun's position, measure the sun’s shadow, compare…with…, the height of the sun at midday, sail on…, rather than a random course

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a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship, in relation to…, give sb the local time, find one’s latitude at sea, use as one of the points of reference, a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe, above the horizon, use a quarter circle, use the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference, plunge in the waves，the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant, reduce the tendency, make mistakes, the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments, work by measuring the angle

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