Learning about Language课件配套优秀获奖教案

独立主格结构

一、概念：

“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。 二、功能：

“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。

三、形式：

独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。

四、举例：

1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away. 由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing; 表原因）

2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand. 王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）

3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed. 老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed; 表状态）

4、Class over, we began to play basketball. 放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间）

5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper. 没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（借此结构；表伴随）

6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）

五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：

1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：

⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. －→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend. 如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。

⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. －→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。

2、

还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例：

⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则)

⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）

六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：

1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。

例：

⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。

⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。

2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例：

⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。

⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了 七、非谓语动词独立主格结构

A．作状语

独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。

1．表示时间

Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）

All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）

With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。

（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）

2．表示原因

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。

（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了，

他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.) 3．表示条件

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. 如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）

All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）

Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果从各方面考虑，你的

计划似乎更实际些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）

提示：

表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。

【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom. 【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。

【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way. 【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。

4．表示伴随情况或补充说明

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）

The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）

Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）

B．作定语

独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student) 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled. You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle) 你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。 = You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off. He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。 (without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road ) = He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.

提示：

在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful. 如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided. 如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）